Abstract
Nasal sensory nerve stimulation leads to sensations of pain and congestion and nociceptive nerve axon responsemediated release of substance P that stimulates glandular secretion as an immediate-acting protective mucosal defense. Recruited parasympathetic reflexes cause submucosal gland secretion via muscarinic M3 receptors. Parasympathetic reflexes, sneezing, and other avoidance behaviors rapidly clear the upper airway of offending agents while protecting the lower airways. Dysfunction contributes to allergic, infectious, and other nonallergic rhinitides and possibly sinusitis. Sympathetic arterial vasoconstriction reduces mucosal blood flow, sinusoidal filling, and mucosal thickness, restoring nasal patency. Loss of sympathetic tone may contribute to some chronic, nonallergic rhinopathies.
Similar content being viewed by others
References and Recommended Reading
Baraniuk JN: Mechanisms of rhinitis. In Rhinitis Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America vol 20. Edited by Lasley MV, Altman LC. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2000:245–264.
Casale T, Baraniuk JN: Neural mechanisms. In Allergy: Principles and Practice. Edited by Middleton E, Reed C, Ellis C, et al. St. Louis: Mosby; 2000, in press.
Barnes PJ, Baraniuk JN, Belvisi MG: Neuropeptides in the respiratory tract: part I. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991, 144:1187–1198.
Barnes PJ, Baraniuk JN, Belvisi MG: Neuropeptides in the respiratory tract: part II. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991, 144:1391–1399.
Calliet R: Head and Face Pain Syndromes. In Philadelphia: FA Davis; 1992.
Low DE, Desrosiers M, McSherry J, et al.: A practical guide for the diagnosis and treatment of acute sinusitis. CMAJ 1997, 156(suppl 6):S1-S14.
Demski LS, Schwanzel-Fukuda M: The terminal nerve (nervus terminalis). Ann N Y Acad Sci 1987, 519:1–213.
Dray A, Urban L, Dickenson A: Pharmacology of chronic pain. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1994, 15:190–197.
Lucier GE, Egizii R: Characterization of cat nasal afferents and brain stem neurones receiving ethmoidal input. Exp Neurol 1989, 103:83–89.
Wallois F, Gros F, Condamin M, Macron JM: Postnatal development of the anterior ethmoidal nerve in cats: unmyelinated and myelinated nerve fiber analysis. Neurosci Lett 1993, 160:221–224.
Raphael GD, Igarashi Y, White MV, Kaliner MA: The pathophysiology of rhinitis: V: Sources of protein in allergen-induced nasal secretions. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1991, 88:33–43.
Caterina MJ, Schumacher MA, Tominaga M, et al.: The capsaicin receptor: a heat-activated ion channel in the pain pathway [see comments]. Nature 1997, 389:816–824.
Tominaga M, Caterina MJ, Malmberg AB, et al.: The cloned capsaicin receptor integrates multiple pain-producing stimuli. Neuron 1998, 21:531–543.
Caterina MJ, Leffler A, Malmberg AB, et al.: Impaired nociception and pain sensation in mice lacking the capsaicin receptor. Science 2000, 288:306–313. The functions of capsaicin receptors on type C nociceptive nerves were further refined in this murine model.
Dale HH: Pharmacology and nerve endings. Proc R Soc Med 1935, 68:319.
McDonald DM: Neurogenic inflammation in the rat trachea: I: changes in venules, leukocytes and epithelial cells. J Neurocytol 1988, 17:605–628.
Smith CH, Barker JNWN, Morris RW, et al.: Neuropeptides induce rapid expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules and elicit granulocytic infiltration in human skin. J Immunol 1993, 151:3274–3282.
Rinder J: Sensory neuropeptides and nitric oxide in nasal vascular regulation. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 1996, 632:1–45.
Roques BP, Noble F, Dauge V, et al.: Neutral endopeptidase 24.11: structure, inhibition, and experimental and clinical pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 1993, 45:87–146.
Dutschmann M, Herbert H: The medial nucleus of the solitary tract mediates the trigeminally evoked pressor response. Neuroreport 1998, 9:1053–1057.
Chen Z, Hedner J, Hedner T: Local effects of substance P on respiratory regulation in the rat medulla oblongata. J Appl Physiol 1990, 68:693–699.
Kobzik L, Bredt DS, Lowenstein CJ, et al.: Nitric oxide synthetase in human and rat lung: immunocytochemical and histochemical localization. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1993, 9:371–377.
Runer T, Cervin A, Lindberg S, Uddman R: Nitric oxide is a regulator of mucociliary activity in the upper respiratory tract. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998, 119:278–287.
Levine RR, Birdsall NJM, North RA, et al.: Subtypes of muscarinic receptors III. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1991, 9(suppl):1–93.
Mak JCW, Barnes PJ: Autoradiographic visualization of muscarinic receptor subtypes in human and guinea pig lung. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990, 141:1559–1568.
Okayama M, Baraniuk JN, Merida M, Kaliner MA: Autoradiographic localization of muscarinic receptor subtypes in human nasal mucosa. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1993, 8:176–185.
Cervin A, Lindberg S, Mercke U, Uddman R: Neuropeptide Y in the rabbit maxillary sinus modulates cholinergic acceleration of mucociliary activity. Acta Otolaryngol 1992, 112:872–881.
Anderson SD, Daviskas E: The mechanism of exercise-induced asthma is…. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000, 106:453–459.
Wagenmann M, Baroody FM, Desrosiers M, et al.: Unilateral nasal allergen challenge leads to bilateral release of prostaglandin D2. Clin Exp Allergy 1996, 26:371–378.
Mossiman BL, White MV, Hohman RJ, et al.: Substance P, calcitonin-gene related peptide, and vasoactive intestinal peptide increase in nasal secretions after allergen challenge in atopic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1993, 92:95–104.
Tomaki M, Ichinose M, Miura M, et al.: Elevated substance P content in induced sputum from patients with asthma and patients with chronic bronchitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995, 151:613–617.
Baraniuk JN, Ali M, Yuta A, et al.: Hypertonic saline nasal provocation stimulates nociceptive nerves, substance P release, and glandular mucous exocytosis in normal humans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999, 160:655–662. The human airway nociceptive nerve axon response was redefined. Hypertonic saline, a relevant airway irritant, led to pain, and SP release with presumed actions on NK1 receptors localized to glands led to exocrine secretion. Unlike in rodent tracheobronchial models, there were no vascular responses.
Okayama Y, Shirotori K, Kudo K, et al.: Cytokine expression after the topical administration of substance P to human nasal mucosa. J Immunol 1993, 151:4391–4398.
Baraniuk JN, Silver PB, Kaliner MA, Barnes PJ: Perennial rhinitis subjects have altered vascular, glandular, and neural responses to bradykinin nasal provocation. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1994, 103:202–208.
Ricchio MM, Reynolds CJ, Hay DW, Proud D: Effects of intranasal administration of endothelin-1 to allergic and nonallergic individuals. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995, 152:1757–1764.
Ricchio MM, Proud D: Evidence that enhanced neural reactivity to bradykinin in patients with symptomatic allergy is mediated by neural reflexes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996, 97:1252–1253.
Druce HM, Wright RH, Kossoff D, Kaliner MA: Cholinergic nasal hyperreactivity in atopic subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1985, 76:445–452.
Stjarne P, Lundblad L, Lundberg JM, Anggard A: Capsaicin and nicotine sensitive afferent neurones and nasal secretion in healthy human volunteers and in patients with vasomotor rhinitis. Br J Pharmacol 1989, 96:693–701.
Raphael GD, Haupstein-Raphael M, Kaliner MA: Gustatory rhinitis: a syndrome of food-induced rhinorrhea. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989, 83:110–115.
Norlander T, Bolger WE, Stierna P, et al.: A comparison of morphological effects on the rabbit nasal and sinus mucosa after surgical denervation and topical capsaicin application. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1996, 253:205–213.
Chasin WD, Lofgren RH: Vidian nerve section for vasomotor rhinitis. Arch Otolaryngol 1967, 86:103–109.
Blom HM, van Rijwijk JB, Garrelds IM, et al.: Intranasal capsaicin is efficacious in non-allergic, non-infectious perennial rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 1997, 27:796–801.
Stjarne P, Lacroix JS, Anggard A, Lundberg JM: Compartment analysis of vascular effects of neuropeptides and capsaicin in the pig nasal mucosa. Acta Physiol Scand 1991, 141:335–342.
Willes S, Fitzgerald T, Bascom R: Nasal inhalation challenge studies with sidestream tobacco smoke. Arch Environ Health 1992, 47:223–230.
Baroody FM, Gungor A, deTineo M, et al.: Comparison of the response to histamine challenge of the nose and the maxillary sinus: effect of loratadine. J Appl Physiol 1999, 87:1038–1047. Instillation of histamine into the maxillary sinus could not stimulate nasal parasympathetic reflexes.
Gungor A, Baroody FM, Naclerio RM, et al.: Decreased neuropeptide release may play a role in the pathogenesis of nasal polyps. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999, 121:585–590.
Bucca C, Rolla G, Scappaticci E, et al.: Extrathoracic and intrathoracic airway responsiveness in sinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995, 95:52–59.
Rolla G, Colagrande P, Scappaticci E, et al.: Damage of the pharyngeal mucosal and hyperresponsiveness of airway in sinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997, 100:52–57.
Naranch K, Park YJ, Repka-Ramirez SM, et al.: A tender sinus does not always mean sinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999, 104:S211.
Chow JM: Rhinologic headaches. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1994, 111:211–218.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Baraniuk, J.N. Neurogenic mechanisms in rhinosinusitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 1, 252–261 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-001-0016-4
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-001-0016-4