Abstract
This paper examines atmospheric concentrations of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 10 μm (PM10) and related particle-phase toxic heavy metals Cd, Ni, and Pb during domestic heating seasons from 2010 to 2019 in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. In total, 242 daily PM10 samples were collected using medium and high volume air samplers. The mean daily PM10 mass concentration for all measurements is 75.16 μg/m3 (with the range of 28.77–149.00 μg/m3). Variation of ambient PM10 was observed throughout the study in different years. Hourly values for PM10 measurements during two heating seasons are also presented. Metal concentrations in PM10 were analyzed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). Quantities of atmospheric mass concentrations of studied trace metals were observed in the following order: Pb > Ni > Cd. The mean concentrations of metals varied with Pb showing the highest concentration (ranging from 1.38 to 234.00 ng/m3), Ni ranging from 0.87 to 42.43 ng/m3, and Cd showing the lowest concentration ranging from 0.26 to 10.09 ng/m3. The concentration of Pb and Cd in PM10 was strongly correlated, suggesting a common source or dependence of these metals in PM10 in Sarajevo. Bioaccessibility of metals in the synthetic gastric juice was also estimated. The quantities of average bioaccessible metal fractions in PM10 samples showed the following trend: Cd > Pb > Ni. The health risk assessment shows that the population of Sarajevo is at increased lifetime risk of experiencing cancer because of exposure to these Cd concentrations in PM10. In addition, parallel PM10 sampling on two samplers showed that obtained results are highly comparable.
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Acknowledgments
We thank Almir Bijedić, Enis Omerčić, and Enis Krečinić of the Federal Hydrometeorological Institute of Bosnia and Herzegovina for support and availability of the high volume air sampler used for the collection of Sarajevo filter samples at Bjelave location during the winter of 2017–2018. We also acknowledge the contribution of the COST Action CA16109 COLOSSAL, SEE Change Net Foundation, and ETH Zürich, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems for the donation of the equipment.
Funding
This study was partly supported by the IAEA TC Project RER/2/005 and IAEA TC Project RER/1/008.
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Huremović, J., Žero, S., Bubalo, E. et al. Analysis of PM10, Pb, Cd, and Ni atmospheric concentrations during domestic heating season in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, from 2010 to 2019. Air Qual Atmos Health 13, 965–976 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-020-00852-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-020-00852-4