Abstract
Aircraft emissions from Landing and Take-Off (LTO) cycles at Chania airport (Crete), Greece were estimated for the year 2016 adopting the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) methodology and using daily data from air traffic. The AERMOD Gaussian dispersion model was elaborated to determine the ground-level concentrations of air pollutants emitted from the aircraft engines. Emissions of CO, NOx as NO2, SO2, CO2, PM2.5 mass, and particle number from aircraft engines were evaluated and ground-level concentrations of these pollutants were determined. The aircraft emissions were mainly derived from the ground-level parts of the LTO cycle. The AERMOD model referring to the 1-h average concentrations has revealed that there were 20 exceedances of NO2 concentrations above the value of 200 μg/m3; two more than the regulated threshold described in the European Union Directive 2008/50/EC.. The exceedances were calculated mostly during the summer period which coincides with the touristic period. High number concentrations of particles were also simulated close to the airport with yearly average values close to 10,000 particles per cm3 at the airport area. Contrary, the contribution from aircraft LTO cycles to the ground-level concentration of CO, SO2, and PM2.5 mass was below the air quality threshold values.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Barrett SRH, Britter RE, Waitz IA (2013) Impact of aircraft plume dynamics on airport local air quality. Atmos Environ 74:247–258
Campell P, Zhang Y, Yan F, Lu ZF, Streets D (2018) Impacts of transportation sector emissions on future US air quality in a changing climate. Part I: projected emissions, simulation design and model evaluation. Environ Pollut 238:903–917
Carslaw DC, Beevers SD, Ropkins K, Bell MC (2006) Detecting and quantifying aircraft and other on-airport contributions to ambient nitrogen oxides in the vicinity of a large international airport. Atmos Environ 40:5424–5434
EMEP (2017) EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2016
EU (2008) Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on Ambient Air Quality and Cleaner Air for Europe
Flightradar 24 (2018) http://www.flightradar24.com. Accessed 10 Jan 2018
ICAO (2008) Environmental Protection: Annex, 16, Vol. II, Aircraft Engine Emissions
ICAO (2011) Document 9889. Airport Air Quality Manual ISBN 978–92–9231-862-8
ICAO (2018) Engine Emissions Data Bank. https://www.easa.europa.eu/easa-and-you/environment/icao-aircraft-engine-emissions-databank. Accessed 4 Apr 2018
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (1999) Aviation and the global atmosphere. Summary for Policymakers
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2006) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
Ionel D, Nicolae F, Popescu C, Talianu LB, Apostol G (2011) Measuring air pollutants in an international Romania airport with point and open path instruments. Rom J Phys 56:507–519
Kinsey JS, Dong Y, Williams DC, Logan R (2010) Physical characterization of the fine particle emissions from commercial aircraft engines during the aircraft particle emissions eXperiment (APEX) 1-3. Atmos Environ 44:2147–2156
Kuzu SL (2018) Estimation and dispersion modeling of landing and take-off (LTO) cycle emissions from Atatürk International Airport. Air Qual Atmos Health 11:153–161
Lazaridis M, Dzumbova L, Kopanakis I, Ondracek J, Glytsos T, Aleksandropoulou V, Voulgarakis A, Katsivela E, Mihalopoulos N, Eleftheriadis K (2008) PM10 and PM2.5 levels in the eastern Mediterranean. Water Air Soil Pollut 189(1–4):85–101
Lieuwen TC, Yang V (2013) Gas turbine emissions. Cambridge University Press
Masiol M, Harrison RM (2014) Aircraft engine exhaust emissions and other airport-related contributions to ambient air pollution: a review. Atmos Environ 95:409–455
Mazaheri M, Johnson GR, Morawska L (2009) Particle and gaseous emissions from commercial aircraft at each stage of the landing and takeoff cycle. Environ Sci Technol 43:441–446
Ogimet. https://www.ogimet.com/metars.phtml.en. Accessed 4 Nov 2017
Pecorari E, Mantovani A, Franceschini G, Bassanoc D, Palmeri L, Rampazzo G (2016) Analysis of the effects of meteorology on aircraft exhaust dispersion and deposition using a Lagrangian particle model. Sci Total Environ 541:839–856
Petzold CS, Nyeki S, Gysel M, Weingartner E, Baltensperger U, Giebl H, Hitzenberger R, Dopelheuer A, Vrchoticky S, Pyxbaum H, Johnson M, Hurley CD, Marsh R, Wilson CW (2003) Properties of jet engine combustion particles during the PartEmis experiment: microphysics and chemistry. Geophys Res Lett 30(13):1719
Psanis C, Triantafyllou E, Giamarelou M, Manousakas M, Eleftheriadis K, Biskos G (2017) Particulate matter pollution from aviation-related activity at a small airport of the Aegean Sea Insular Region. Sci Total Environ 596:187–193
Shirmohammadi F, Sowlat MH, Hasheminassab S, Saffari A, Ban-Weiss G, Sioutas C (2017) Emission rates of particle number, mass and black carbon by the Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) and its impact on air quality in Los Angeles. Atmos Environ 151:82–93
Simonetti I, Maltagliati S, Manfrida G (2015) Air quality impact of a middle size airport within an urban context through EDMS simulation. Transp Res D 40:144–154
Testa E, Giammusso C, Bruno M, Magiore P (2013) Fluid dynamic analysis of pollutants’ dispersion behind an aircraft engine during idling. Air Qual Atmos Health 6:367–383
USEPA (2016) User’s guide for the AMS/EPA regulatory model (AERMOD). EPA-454/B-16-011, December, 2016
USGS (2018) US Geological Survey https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/. Accessed 15 Mar 2018
Yang X, Cheng S, Lang J, Xu R, Lv Z (2018) Characterization of aircraft emissions and air quality impacts of an international airport. J Environ Sci 72:198–207
Yilmaz I (2017) Emissions from passenger aircraft at Kayseri airport, Turkey. J Air Transp Manag 58:176–182
Yin F, Grewe V, Frömming C, Yamashita H (2018) the formation of persistent contrails for transatlantic flights. Transp Res D 65:466–484
Zhu Y, Fanning E, Yu RC, Zhang Q, Froines JR (2011) Aircraft emissions and local air quality impacts from takeoff activities at a large International Airport. Atmos Environ 45:6526–6533
Funding
The present work was supported by the project “PANhellenic infrastructure for Atmospheric Composition and climate change” (MIS 5021516) which is implemented under the Action “Reinforcement of the Research and Innovation Infrastructure” funded by the Operational Programme “Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation” (NSRF 2014-2020), and co-financed by Greece and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
ESM 1
(DOCX 1.03 mb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Makridis, M., Lazaridis, M. Dispersion modeling of gaseous and particulate matter emissions from aircraft activity at Chania Airport, Greece. Air Qual Atmos Health 12, 933–943 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-019-00710-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-019-00710-y