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Particulate phase emission of parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives (alkyl-PAHs, oxygenated-PAHs, azaarenes and nitrated PAHs) from manually and automatically fired combustion appliances

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Abstract

Residential biomass combustion may represent a significant emission source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and derivatives, some of which are known for their toxicity. In this study, a manually operated batch stove (burning wood logs) and an automatic pellet stove were selected to carry out combustion experiments. Two types of firewood (pine and eucalypt) were used as fuels in the manual stove. Four types of pellets and three agricultural fuels (olive pit, almond shell and shell of pine nuts) were selected for the automatic stove. The particulate matter (PM10) samples from the exhaust flue gas were solvent extracted and analysed for 26 parent and alkyl-PAHs, 15 nitrated PAHs (NPAHs), 15 oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs) and 4 azaarenes (AZAs) by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The global parent PAH emission factors (EFs) for the pellet stove ranged from 0.046 to 0.51 mg kg−1 of fuel burned, dry basis (db). The EFs obtained for the manual stove varied from 0.33 to 1.97 and from 8.65 to 24.3 mg kg−1 (db) for the combustion of eucalypt and pine, respectively. The devolatilisation phase of softwood in the latter appliance is critical because benzo[a]pyrene emissions can be more than 1,000 times higher than the values observed for any other combustion stages, appliance or biofuels. As for parent PAHs, it was observed that emissions of OPAHs, NPAHs and AZAs vary greatly depending on either the biofuel or the combustion technology.

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Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by AIRUSE-Testing and development of air quality mitigation measures in Southern Europe, LIFE 11 ENV/ES/000584. Ana Vicente acknowledges the Postdoc grant SFRH/BPD/88988/2012 from the Portuguese Science Foundation (FCT) and the financing programme POPH/FSE.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal

    Estela Domingos Vicente, Ana M. Vicente & Célia A. Alves

  2. Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012, Bern, Switzerland

    Benjamin A. Musa Bandowe

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  1. Estela Domingos Vicente
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  2. Ana M. Vicente
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  3. Benjamin A. Musa Bandowe
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Correspondence to Célia A. Alves.

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Table S1. Details of statistical analysis applied to PM10 emission factors. Table S2. Limits of detection (LOD) of target polycyclic aromatic compounds analysed. Figure S1. Schematic representation of the experimental installation (I-wood stove; II-pellet stove). A–Stove; B–Combustion chamber; C–Weight sensor; D–Air flow meter; E–Exhaust duct; F, I, H–Gas sampling and analysis system, G–Water-cooled gas sampling probe; K–Dilution tunnel; J–Pitot tube; L–PM10 sampling system; M–Fan. (DOCX 226 kb)

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Vicente, E.D., Vicente, A.M., Musa Bandowe, B.A. et al. Particulate phase emission of parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives (alkyl-PAHs, oxygenated-PAHs, azaarenes and nitrated PAHs) from manually and automatically fired combustion appliances. Air Qual Atmos Health 9, 653–668 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-015-0364-1

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