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The integration of land and marine spatial planning

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Abstract

Whilst spatial planning has evolved as a tool to manage the development and use of the terrestrial environment over decades, the development of spatial planning systems for the marine environment are in their infancy. This paper focuses on the integration of land and marine based spatial planning systems. This is informed by a brief overview of the regional development of the lands and seas of Europe which underlie spatial planning systems and by a discussion of respective spatial planning systems in terms of economic sectors, land use, and sea use. The integration of spatial planning systems is then considered, followed by evaluation of relationships between spatial planning, and the wider field of environmental management. This includes consideration of organisational and geographical scales, technical management including legal aspects, policy, strategic planning and time scales of decision-making. The paper identifies the significant factors which must be considered in the integration of marine and terrestrial planning systems over the coming decades.

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Notes

  1. The LOICZ programme has documented issue such as: Forestry and agricultural intensification affecting water inputs, sedimentation and increasing nutrient loads; damming reducing water flow and causing saline intrusion; shoreline development and reclamation with associated defence structures modifying sediment transport and precluding dynamic coastal evolution; and the contribution of coastal megacities and industrial activity to non-point source pollution. Similarly as marine space continues to be frontier of development for expanding sectors such as renewable energy, aquaculture, minerals and transport there are likely to be implications for adjoining coasts, where these goods make landfall.

  2. In the Mediterranean Sea, the parties to the Barcelona Convention opted for a firm legal basis for ICZM by adopting a Protocol on Integrated Coastal Zone Management on 22 January 2008. The driving force for the Protocol was not only ICZM, but also threats to the coastal zones due to climate change and the consideration that the coastal zone is a common natural and cultural heritage that should be preserved for the benefits of present and future generations.

  3. The EU Birds Directive (1979) provides a framework for the identification and classification of Special Protection Areas (SPAs) for rare, vulnerable or regularly occurring migratory species. The Habitats Directive (1992) requires member states to select, designate and protect sites that support certain natural habitats or species of plants or animals as Special Areas of Conservation (SACs). The objective of Natura 2000 is to create networks of SACs and the SPAs in the EU.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Marine and Coastal Environment Research Group, School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3YE, UK

    Hance D. Smith & Rhoda C. Ballinger

  2. Faculty of Law, Ghent University, Universiteitstraat 6, 9000, Gent, Belgium

    Frank Maes

  3. School of Geography and Geosciences, (Scottish Oceans Institute and Sustainability Institute) University of St Andrews, Irvine Building, North Street, St Andrews, KY16 9AL, Scotland, UK

    Tim A. Stojanovic

Authors
  1. Hance D. Smith
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  2. Frank Maes
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  3. Tim A. Stojanovic
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  4. Rhoda C. Ballinger
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Correspondence to Tim A. Stojanovic.

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Smith, H.D., Maes, F., Stojanovic, T.A. et al. The integration of land and marine spatial planning. J Coast Conserv 15, 291–303 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-010-0098-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-010-0098-z

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