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Green Synthesis of ZnO/αFe2O3 Nano-photocatalyst for Efficient Removal of Carbamate Pesticides in Wastewater: Optimization, Mineralization, and Financial Analysis

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Abstract

As emerging organic agricultural pollutants, carbamate pesticides can react with other contaminants in aquatic environments to produce new toxic compounds threatening aquatic life and ecosystems. This study introduces a novel, nonhazardous, and greener method to synthesize a cross-linked ZnO/αFe2O3 nano-photocatalyst to treat carbamate pesticides via ball milling. ZnO/αFe2O3 was characterized through various methods, including XRD, EDX, XRF, DRS, BET, FE-SEM, PL, and FTIR analyses. Using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM), the ability of ZnO/αFe2O3 nano-photocatalyst to remove carbamate from synthesized wastewater was assessed. The BET result indicated a decrease in the diameter of the nanocomposite size after the synthesis. At the same time, the BET surface area and total pores increased from 4.9871 m2.g−1 and 0.02806 cm3.g−1 to 6.8524 m2.g−1 and 0.069497 cm3.g−1, respectively. In addition, the band-gap energy decreased from 3.179 eV for ZnO to 1.907 eV for ZnO/αFe2O3 and eventually reached 1.878 eV for heat-treated ZnO/αFe2O3 nanocomposite. The catalyst concentrations used in the experiments were 0.5, 1, and 1.5 g/L. The solution pH was set to 5, 8, and 11, and three different residence times of 1, 2, and 3 h were used. The model’s results indicated a strong agreement between the experimental and predicted data (R2 = 0.99). When the nanocomposite’s concentration, pH, and retention time were set at 1 g/L ZnO/αFe2O3, 8.51, and 3 h respectively, the optimized conditions predicted a removal efficiency of 89%. In addition, the cost of COD removal was reduced by 50% using ball milling and heat-treatment synthesis. The photocatalyst’s reusability was tested in three stages, and the outcomes demonstrated its stability throughout these three stages.

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If reasonable requests are made, the corresponding author will provide the datasets used and/or analyzed during this study.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the Vice-chancellor in Research Affairs of Kharazmi University for their support in performing this research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, Kharazmi University, Tehran, 15719-14911, Iran

    Ali Dehghan & Mohammad Delnavaz

  2. Department of Civil, Environmental and Ocean Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA

    Arash Aliasghar & Roxana Rahmati

  3. School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Perth, WA, 6027, Australia

    Hoda Khoshvaght

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  1. Ali Dehghan
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Correspondence to Mohammad Delnavaz.

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Dehghan, A., Aliasghar, A., Rahmati, R. et al. Green Synthesis of ZnO/αFe2O3 Nano-photocatalyst for Efficient Removal of Carbamate Pesticides in Wastewater: Optimization, Mineralization, and Financial Analysis. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 41, 249–269 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-024-00073-w

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