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Changes in the toxicity of procymidone and its metabolite during the photohydrolysis process and the effect of the presence of microplastics

  • Environmental Engineering
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Abstract

Procymidone (PCM), an agricultural fungicide, is attracting attention because it has been detected in all ecosystems, including aquatic environments. This study explored changes in the behavior and toxicity of PCM in water under the influence of photolysis and microplastics (MPs) coexistence. Hydrolysis of PCM was evaluated and UV-A and UV-C lamps were used as light sources for the photodegradation experiments. The Microtox® assay was used to evaluate changes in toxicity during the photodegradation and after sorption on MPs of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) films. The appearance of 3,5-dichloroaniline (DCA), a major metabolite of PCM that is more toxic than its parent compound in water, was confirmed. Both PCM and DCA showed sufficient molar extinction coefficients to be photolyzed under UV-C irradiation (εPCM=10,300 M−1 cm−1 and εDCA=2,400 M−1 cm−1); however, the presence of natural organic matter negatively affected their photodegradation. PVC showed a better sorption potential for PCM and DCA than for LDPE. The higher sorption by PVC significantly reduced the toxic effect of DCA from an average value of 79% to 60% and increased the EC50 value from 30.4% to 47.6%. These results offer insights into controlling toxic micropollutants, including fungicides, in aquatic environments and water treatment processes.

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2021R1A2C4001746). This work was also carried out with the support of the Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science and Technology Development (Project No. PJ01571602), Rural Development Administration, Korea.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Korea

    Youn-Jun Lee & Chang-Gu Lee

  2. Department of Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea

    Ji Won Yang & Eun Hea Jho

  3. Department of Environmental Science, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, 17035, Korea

    Byeongwook Choi

  4. Department of Bioresources and Rural Systems Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong, 17579, Korea

    Seong-Jik Park

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  1. Youn-Jun Lee
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  2. Ji Won Yang
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  4. Seong-Jik Park
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  5. Chang-Gu Lee
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  6. Eun Hea Jho
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Correspondence to Chang-Gu Lee or Eun Hea Jho.

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11814_2022_1231_MOESM1_ESM.pdf

Changes in the toxicity of procymidone and its metabolite during the photohydrolysis process and the effect of the presence of microplastics

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Lee, YJ., Yang, J.W., Choi, B. et al. Changes in the toxicity of procymidone and its metabolite during the photohydrolysis process and the effect of the presence of microplastics. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 40, 612–617 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-022-1231-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-022-1231-z

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