Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Polymeric nanoparticles, micelles and polymersomes from amphiphilic block copolymer

  • Invited Review Paper
  • Published:
Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Block copolymers are made up of blocks of different polymerized monomers. Among the block copolymers, amphiphilic block copolymers can self-assemble to form nano-sized vehicles, such as micelles, nanoparticles, polymersomes, in aqueous or non-aqueous media. This review describes the synthesis, formation, and major applications of amphiphilic block copolymer and corresponding vehicles in order to provide an overview of the current features of functionalized block copolymers for drug delivery applications.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. R. N. Young, Trends Polym. Sci., 5, 4 (1997).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. V. Abetz and P. F. W. Simon, Adv. Polym. Sci., 189, 125 (2005).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. K. Mortensen, Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci., 3, 12 (1998).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. S. I. Stupp, Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci., 3, 20 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. H.-A. Klok and S. Lecommandoux, Adv. Mater., 13, 1217 (2001).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. A.-V. Ruzette and L. Leibler, Nat. Mater., 4, 19 (2005).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. H. Cui, Z. Chen, S. Zhong, K. L. Wooley and D. J. Pochan, Science, 317, 647 (2007).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Y. Kang, J. Walish Joseph, T. Gorishnyy and L. Thomas Edwin, Nat. Mater., 6, 957 (2007).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. C. Harrison, M. Park, P. Chaikin, R. Register and D. Adamson, Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng., 77, 406 (1997).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. L. Hu, J. L. Bartels, J. W. Bartels, K. Maurer and K. D. Moeller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 131, 16638 (2009).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. T. Kasemura, C. Komatu, H. Nishihara, S. Takahashi, Y. Oshibe, H. Ohmura and T. Yamamoto, J. Adhes., 47, 17 (1994).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. A. Kidane, G. C. Lantz, S. Jo and K. Park, J. Biomater. Sci., Polym. Ed., 10, 1089 (1999).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. T. Rager, W. H. Meyer, G. Wegner, K. Mathauer, W. Machtle, W. Schrof and D. Urban, Macromol. Chem. Phys., 200, 1681 (1999).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. S. Li, C. J. Clarke, R. B. Lennox and A. Eisenberg, Colloids Surf. A, 133, 191 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. L. Zhang and A. Eisenberg, Macromolecules, 32, 2239 (1999).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. B. Jeong, Y. H. Bae and S. W. Kim, Colloids Surf. B, 16, 185 (1999).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Y. Zhou, K. Jiang, Q. Song and S. Liu, Langmuir, 23, 13076 (2007).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. H. Wei, D.-Q. Wu, Q. Li, C. Chang, J.-P. Zhou, X.-Z. Zhang and R.-X. Zhuo, J. Phys. Chem. C, 112, 15329 (2008).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. S. Cammas, K. Suzuki, C. Sone, Y. Sakurai, K. Kataoka and T. Okano, J. Controlled Release, 48, 157 (1997).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. H. K. Cho, S. Lone, D. D. Kim, J. H. Choi, S. W. Choi, J. H. Cho, J. H. Kim and I. W. Cheong, Polymer, 50, 2357 (2009).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. H. K. Cho, K. S. Cho, J. H. Cho, S. W. Choi, J. H. Kim and I. W. Cheong, Colloids Surf. B, 65, 61 (2008).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. K. L. Ulman, G. A. Gornowicz, K. R. Larson and C. L. Lee, J. Controlled Release, 10, 251 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. G. S. Kwon and T. Okano, Pharm. Res., 16, 597 (1999).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. K. M. Huh, Y. W. Cho and K. Park, Drug Delivery Technol., 3, 42 (2003).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. J. Haley, P. Kabiru and Y. Geng, Mol. BioSyst., 6, 239 (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  26. E. M. Kolonko, J. K. Pontrello, S. L. Mangold and L. L. Kiessling, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 131, 7327 (2009).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. T. A. Mahmood, V. P. Shastri, C. A. van Blitterswijk, R. Langer and J. Riesle, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., Part A, 79A, 216 (2006).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Y. Nakazawa, Y. Kamijo, K. Fujimoto, H. Kawaguchi, Y. Yuguchi, H. Urakawa and K. Kajiwara, Angew. Makromol. Chem., 240, 187 (1996).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. C. Pichot, A. Elaissari, D. Duracher, F. Meunier and F. Sauzedde, Macromol. Symp., 175, 285 (2001).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. C. He, S. W. Kim and D. S. Lee, J. Controlled Release, 127, 189 (2008).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. N. Rapoport, Prog. Polym. Sci., 32, 962 (2007).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. T. Noh, Y. H. Kook, C. Park, H. Youn, H. Kim, E. T. Oh, E. K. Choi, H. J. Park and C. Kim, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 46, 7321 (2008).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. P. De, S. R. Gondi and B. S. Sumerlin, Biomacromolecules, 9, 1064 (2008).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. X. Hu, S. Liu, X. Chen, G. Mo, Z. Xie and X. Jing, Biomacromolecules, 9, 553 (2008).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. S. Y. Kim, S. H. Cho, Y. M. Lee and L.-Y. Chu, Macromol. Res., 15, 646 (2007).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. J.-Z. Bei, J.-M. Li, Z.-F. Wang, J.-C. Le and S.-G. Wang, Polym. Adv. Technol., 8, 693 (1997).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. D. S. Lee, M. S. Shim, S. W. Kim, H. Lee, I. Park and T. Chang, Macromol. Rapid Commun., 22, 587 (2001).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. S.-W. Choi, Y. Kim, I. W. Cheong and J.-H. Kim, Macromol. Rapid Commun., 29, 175 (2008).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Y. Zhao, J. Mater. Chem., 19, 4887 (2009).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. K. Letchford and H. Burt, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 65, 259 (2007).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. M. A. Hillmyer, Science, 317, 604 (2007).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Y. Bae, H. Cabral and K. Kataoka, Block Copolym. Nanosci., 73 (2006).

  43. G. Gaucher, M.-H. Dufresne, V. P. Sant, N. Kang, D. Maysinger and J.-C. Leroux, J. Controlled Release, 109, 169 (2005).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. K. Kataoka, G. S. Kwon, M. Yokoyama, T. Okano and Y. Sakurai, J. Controlled Release, 24, 119 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. K. Johnson Brian and K. Prud’homme Robert, Phys. Rev. Lett., 91, 118302 (2003).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. M. Lazzari, G. Liu and S. Lecommandoux, Block copolymers in nanoscience, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim (2006).

    Google Scholar 

  47. J. Huang, X. Huang and S. Zhang, Macromolecules, 28, 4421 (1995).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. X. Huang, S. Chen and J. Huang, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 37, 825 (1999).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. H. Huang, T. Kowalewski, E. E. Remsen, R. Gertzmann and K. L. Wooley, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 119, 11653 (1997).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. C. S. Patrickios, W. R. Hertler, N. L. Abbott and T. A. Hatton, Macromolecules, 27, 930 (1994).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. G. Odian, Principles of polymerization, Third Ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  52. Y. J. Kim, Y. K. Sung, A. Z. Piao, D. W. Gringer, T. Okano and S. W. Kim, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 54, 1863 (1994).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. S. Beinat, M. Schappacher and A. Deffieux, Macromolecules, 29, 6737 (1996).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. C. J. Hawker, J. L. Hedrick, E. E. Malmstroem, M. Trollss, D. Mecerreyes, G. Moineau, P. Dubois and R. Jerome, Macromolecules, 31, 213 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. K. V. Bernaerts, E. H. Schacht, E. J. Goethals and F. E. Du Prez, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 41, 3206 (2003).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. D. Mecerreyes, G. Moineau, P. Dubois, R. Jerome, J. L. Hedrick, C. J. Hawker, E. E. Malmstrom and M. Trollsas, Angew. Chem., 37, 1274 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. S. Angot, D. Taton and Y. Gnanou, Macromolecules, 33, 5418 (2000).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. F. Bandermann, H. D. Speikamp and L. Weigel, Makromol. Chem., 186, 2017 (1985).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. H. S. Yu, W. J. Choi, K. T. Lim and S. K. Choi, Macromolecules, 21, 2893 (1988).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. G. Hild and J.-P. Lamps, Polymer, 39, 2637 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. F. F. Wolf, N. Friedemann and H. Frey, Macromolecules, 42, 5622 (2009).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Y. Zhao, X. Shuai, C. Chen and F. Xi, Chem. Commun., 1608 (2004).

  63. Y. Zhang, M. Pan, C. Liu and J. Huang, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 46, 2624 (2008).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. O. Altintas, A. L. Demirel, G. Hizal and U. Tunca, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 46, 5916 (2008).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. A. O. Saeed, S. Dey, S. M. Howdle, K. J. Thurecht and C. Alexander, J. Mater. Chem., 19, 4529 (2009).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Y. You, C. Hong, W. Wang, W. Lu and C. Pan, Macromolecules, 37, 9761 (2004).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. G. Moad, E. Rizzardo and D. H. Solomon, Macromolecules, 15, 909 (1982).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. C. J. Hawker, A. W. Bosman and E. Harth, Chem. Rev., 101, 3661 (2001).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. B. Keoshkerian, M. Georges, M. Quinlan, R. Veregin and B. Goodbrand, Macromolecules, 31, 7559 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. D. Benoit, S. Grimaldi, S. Robin, J.-P. Finet, P. Tordo and Y. Gnanou, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 122, 5929 (2000).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. N. L. Hill and R. Braslau, J. Polym. Sci. A, 45, 2341 (2007).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. A. P. Smith and C. L. Fraser, Macromolecules, 35, 594 (2002).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. K. Ohno, Y. Izu, S. Yamamoto, T. Miyamoto and T. Fukuda, Macromol. Chem. Phys., 200, 1619 (1999).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. M. R. Korn and M. R. Gagne, Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng., 84, 611 (2001).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Advances in Free-Radical Polymerization, K. Matyjaszewski, Ed., A.C.S., Washington D.C., 685 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  76. K. Matyjaszewski, ACS Symp. Series, 685, 2 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. K. Matyjaszewski, Macromolecules, 31, 4710 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. X. Zhang and K. Matyjaszewski, Macromolecules, 32, 1763 (1999).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. C. Burguiere, C. Chassenieux and B. Charleux, Polymer, 44, 509 (2003).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. A. Muhlebach, S. G. Gaynor and K. Matyjaszewski, Macromolecules, 31, 6046 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  81. C. Barner-Kowollik and S. Perrier, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 46, 5715 (2008).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Z. Jia, L. Wong, T. P. Davis and V. Bulmus, Biomacromolecules, 9, 3106 (2008).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. H. Stenzel Martina, C. Barner-Kowollik, P. Davis Thomas and M. Dalton Helen, Macromol. Biosci., 4, 445 (2004).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. C. M. Schilli, M. Zhang, E. Rizzardo, S. H. Thang, Y. K. Chong, K. Edwards, G. Karlsson and A. H. E. Mueller, Macromolecules, 37, 7861 (2004).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. B. S. Sumerlin, M. S. Donovan, Y. Mitsukami, A. B. Lowe and C. L. McCormick, Macromolecules, 34, 6561 (2001).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. B. S. Sumerlin, A. B. Lowe, D. B. Thomas and C. L. McCormick, Macromolecules, 36, 5982 (2003).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. A. W. York, S. E. Kirkland and C. L. McCormick, Adv. Drug Delivery Rev., 60, 1018 (2008).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. G. Riess, Prog. Polym. Sci., 28, 1107 (2003).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. L. Zhang and A. Eisenberg, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 118, 3168 (1996).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. C. Allen, D. Maysinger and A. Eisenberg, Colloids Surf. B, 16, 3 (1999).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. N. Rapoport, Colloids Surf. B, 16, 93 (1999).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Y. M. Oh, T. K. Jung, S. C. Chi and B. C. Shin, J. Korean Chem. Soc., 47, 601 (2003).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. M. Sasatsu, H. Onishi and Y. Machida, Int. J. Pharm., 294, 233 (2005).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. S.-W. Choi, W.-S. Kim and J.-H. Kim, Methods Mol. Biol., 303, 121 (2005).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. T. Riley, S. Stolnik, C. R. Heald, C. D. Xiong, M. C. Garnett, L. Illum, S. S. Davis, S. C. Purkiss, R. J. Barlow and P. R. Gellert, Langmuir, 17, 3168 (2001).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. C. R. Heald, S. Stolnik, K. S. Kujawinski, C. D. Matteis, M. C. Garnett, L. Illum, S. S. Davis, S. C. Purkiss, R. J. Barlow and P. R. Gellert, Langmuir, 18, 3669 (2002).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. E. Mabrouk, D. Cuvelier, L.-L. Pontani, B. Xu, D. Levy, P. Keller, F. Brochard-Wyart, P. Nassoy and M.-H. Li, Soft Matt., 5, 1870 (2009).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. B. M. Discher, Y.-Y. Won, D. S. Ege, J. C. M. Lee, F. S. Bates, D. E. Discher and D. A. Hammer, Science, 284, 1143 (1999).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. L. Theogarajan, S. Desai, M. Baldo and C. Scholz, Polym. Int., 57, 660 (2008).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. H. C. Shum, J.-W. Kim and D. A. Weitz, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 130, 9543 (2008).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. R. C. Hayward, A. S. Utada, N. Dan and D. A. Weitz, Langmuir, 22, 4457 (2006).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. L. Liu, J.-P. Yang, X.-J. Ju, R. Xie, L. Yang, B. Liang and L.-Y. Chu, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 336, 100 (2009).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. J. R. Howse, R. A. L. Jones, G. Battaglia, R. E. Ducker, G. J. Leggett and A. J. Ryan, Nat. Mater., 8, 507 (2009).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. J. R. Howse, R. A. L. Jones, G. Battaglia, R. E. Ducker, G. J. Leggett and A. J. Ryan, Nature, 8, 507 (2009).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. P. Taylor, C. Xu, P. D. I. Fletcher and V. N. Paunov, Chem. Commun., 1732 (2003).

  106. J. Yang, R. Pinol, F. Gubellini, D. Levy, P.-A. Albouy, P. Keller and M.-H. Li, Langmuir, 22, 7907 (2006).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. F. Li, L. H. J. d. Haan, A. T. M. Marcelis, F. A. M. Leermakers, M. A. C. Stuartb and E. J. R. Sudholter, Soft Matt., 5, 4042 (2009).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. T. Terada, T. Inaba, H. Kitano, Y. Maeda and N. Tsukida, Macromol. Chem. Phys., 195, 3261 (1994).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. G. Chen and A. S. Hoffman, Macromol. Chem. Phys., 196, 1251 (1995).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. G. Li, X. Yang, B. Wang, J. Wang and X. Yang, Polymer, 49, 3436 (2008).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. B.-S. Kim, H.-i. Lee, Y. Min, Z. Poon and P. T. Hammond, Chem. Commun., 4194 (2009).

  112. M. A. Ward and T. K. Georgiou, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 48, 775 (2010).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. J. Li, J. Ren, Y. Cao and W. Yuan, Polymer, 51, 1301 (2010).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. D. Tong, J. Yao, H. Li and S. Han, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 102, 3552 (2006).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. K. F. Arndt, T. Schmidt and R. Reichelt, Polymer, 42, 6785 (2001).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. K. Yamamoto, T. Serizawa, Y. Muraoka and M. Akashi, J. Polym. Sci. A, 38, 3674 (2000).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. H.-H. Lin and Y.-L. Cheng, Macromolecules, 34, 3710 (2001).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. L. Y. Chu, S. H. Park, T. Yamaguchi and S. I. Nakao, J. Membr. Sci., 192, 27 (2001).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. X. D. Xiangrong Chen, Zhaohui Zheng and Yuxing Peng, New J. Chem., 30, 577 (2006).

    Google Scholar 

  120. A. Boudier, A. Aubert-Pouëssel, C. Gérardin, J.-M. Devoisselle and S. Bégu, Int. J. Pharm., 379, 212 (2009).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. J. Du, Y. Tang, A. L. Lewis and S. P. Armes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127, 17982 (2005).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. D. J. Adams, S. Adams, D. Atkins, M. F. Butler and S. Furzeland, J. Controlled Release, 128, 168 (2008).

    Google Scholar 

  123. J. Jiang, X. Tong and Y. Zhao, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127, 8290 (2005).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. J. Jiang, X. Tong, D. Morris and Y. Zhao, Macromolecules, 39, 4633 (2006).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Y. Zhao and J. He, Soft Matt., 5, 2686 (2009).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. X. Tong, G. Wang, A. Soldera and Y. Zhao, J. Phys. Chem. B, 109, 20281 (2005).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. H.-I. Lee, W. Wu, J. K. Oh, L. Mueller, G. Sherwood, L. Peteanu, T. Kowalewski and K. Matyjaszewski, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 46, 2453 (2007).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. K. T. Kim, J. J. L. M. Cornelissen, R. J. M. Nolte and J. C. M. van Hest, PMSE Prepr., 101, 1115 (2009).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. L.-C. You, F.-Z. Lu, Z.-C. Li, W. Zhang and F.-M. Li, Macromolecules, 36, 1 (2003).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. B. Wang, R. Ma, G. Liu, Y. Li, X. Liu, Y. An and L. Shi, Langmuir, 25, 12522 (2009).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. A. Napoli, M. J. Boerakker, N. Tirelli, R. J. M. Nolte, N. A. J. M. Sommerdijk and J. A. Hubbell, Langmuir, 20, 3487 (2004).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. K. Stubenrauch, I. Voets, G. Fritz-Popovski and G. Trimmel, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 47, 1178 (2009).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Korea

    Heui Kyoung Cho & In Woo Cheong

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States

    Jung Min Lee

  3. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea

    Jung Hyun Kim

Authors
  1. Heui Kyoung Cho
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. In Woo Cheong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jung Min Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jung Hyun Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to In Woo Cheong.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Cho, H.K., Cheong, I.W., Lee, J.M. et al. Polymeric nanoparticles, micelles and polymersomes from amphiphilic block copolymer. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 27, 731–740 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-010-0216-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-010-0216-5

Key words

Search

Navigation