Abstract
The exceptionally large individual growth variation has been previously recognized in several sea cucumber cohorts. However, there is a lack of information regarding the mechanism of such individual differences. In this study, the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) was reared individually in order to eliminate possible effects of social interaction, stocking density, etc. The results showed that there were substantial differences in growth among the sea cucumber individuals during the 100-day experiment. The special growth rate of the sea cucumber individuals differed by up to three folds (from 0.40% to 1.01%), and the coefficient of variation in body weight increased from 12.04% to 40.51%. The final wet body weight, food intake and food conversion efficiency for each sea cucumber were generally positively correlated with their initial wet body weight (P<0.05). Energy budget of the animals showed that the food energy spent on respiration was much greater (about four folds) but energy deposited for growth was much less for (initially) smaller than for larger A. japonicus. The present result implies that there are obvious genetic differences among the sea cucumber individuals, largely accounting for the individual growth variation of the cohort sea cucumber. These results will provide some basic data for promoting selective breeding and farming of the sea cucumber.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alanärä, A., Burns, M. D., and Metcalfe, N. B., 2001. Intra-specific resource partitioning in brown trout: the temporal distribution of foraging is determined by social rank. J. Anim. Ecol., 70: 980–986.
Assaf, B., Harpaz, S., Hulata, G., and Karplus, I., 2000. Effects of larger fish and size grading on growth and size variation in fingerling, silver perch. Aquac. Int., 8: 391–401.
Brännäs, E., 1998. Individual variation in distribution, activity and growth rate of Arctic charr kept in a three-tank system. J. Fish Biol., 53: 795–807.
Barnard, C. J., 1983. Animal Behaviour Ecology and Evolution. Croom Helm, London, 240–250.
Cardoso, J. F. M. F., Witte, J. T. J., and Van der Veer, H. W., 2007. Intra- and interspecies comparison of energy flow in bivalve species in Dutch coastal waters by means of the Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory. J. Sea Res., 56: 182–197.
Carfoot, T. H., 1987. Animal Energetics. Academic Press, New York, 407–515.
Carter, C. G., Purser, G. J., Houlihan, D. F., and Thomas, P., 1996. The effect of decreased ration on feeding hierarchies in groups of greenback flounder Rhombosolea tapirina: Teleostei. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK, 76: 505–516.
Chen, J. X., 2004. Present status and prospects of sea cucumber industry in China. In: Advances in Sea Cucumber Aquaculture and Management. Lovatelli, A., et al., eds., FAO, Rome, 25–38.
Christer, B., and Lars-Anders, H., 2000. Chemical communication in aquatic system: an introduction. Oikos, 88: 103–109.
DeAngelis, D. L., Cox, D. C., and Coutant, C. C., 1979. Cannibalism and size dispersal in young-of-the-year largemouth bass: Experiments and model. Ecol. Model., 24: 21–41.
Dong, Y. W., Ji, T. T., and Dong, S. L., 2007. Stress responses to rapid temperature changes of the juvenile sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus Selenka). J. Ocean. Univ. China, 6(3): 275–280. doi:10.1007/s11802-007-0275-3.
Dong, S. L., Liang, M., Gao, Q. F., Wang, F., Dong, Y. W., and Tian, X. L., 2009. Intra-specific effects of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) with reference to stocking density and body size. Aquac. Res., doi:10.1111/j,1365-2109.2009.02404.x.
Gjedrem, T., 1997. Contribution from selective breeding to future aquaculture development. J. World Aquacult. Soc., 3: 33–45.
Henriëtte, I. J., 2001. Individual variation in life history characteristics can influence extinction risk. Ecol. Model., 144: 61–76.
Irwin, S., Halloran, J. O., and FitzGerald, R. D., 1999. Stocking density, growth and growth variation in juvenile turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (Rafinesque). Aquaculture, 178: 77–88.
Jobling, M., J¢rgensen, E. H., Arnesen, A. M., and Ring¢, E., 1993. Feeding growth and environmental requirements of Arctic charr: a review of aquaculture potential. Aquac. Int., 1: 20–46.
Jobling, M., and Baardvik, B. M., 1994. The influence of environmental manipulations on inter- and intra-individual variation in food acquisition and growth performance of Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus. J. Fish Biol., 44: 1069–1087.
Kendall, B. E., and Fox, G. A., 2002. Variation among individuals and reduced demographic stochasticity. Conserv. Biol., 16: 109–116.
Koebele, B. P., 1985. Growth and the size hierarchy effect: an experimental assessment of three proposed mechanisms; activity differences, disproportional food acquisition, physiological stress. Environ. Biol. Fish., 12: 181–188.
Kooijman, S. A. L. M., 2000. Dynamic and Energy Mass Budgets in Biological Systems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 23–25.
Letcher, B. H., Rice, J. A., Crowder, L. B., and Rose, K. A., 1996. Variability in survival of larval fish: disentangling components with a generalized individual-based model. Can. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 53: 787–801.
Martins, C. I. M., 2005a. Individual variation in growth of African catfish Clarias gariepinus: a search for explanatory factors. PhD thesis. Wageningen University, The Netherlands, 10–11.
Matins, C. I. M., Schrama, J. W., and Verreth, J. A. J., 2005b. Inherent variation in growth efficiency of African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1982) juveniles. Aquac. Res., 36: 868–875.
Matins, C. I. M., Schrama, J. W., and Verreth, J. A. J., 2005c. The consistency of individual differences in growth, feed efficiency and feeding behaviour in African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1982) housed individually. Aquac. Res., 36: 1509–1516.
Martins, C. I. M., Aanyu, M., Schrama, J. W., and Verreth, J. A. J., 2005d. Size distribution in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) affects feeding behavior but not growth. Aquaculture, 250: 300–307.
McCarthy, I. D., Carter, C. G., and Houlihan, D. F., 1992. The effect of feeding hierarchy on individual variability in daily feeding of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). J. Fish Biol., 41: 257–263.
Metcalfe, N. B., Huntingford, F. A., and Thorpe, J. E., 1988. Feeding intensity, growth rates, and the establishment of life-history patterns in juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. J. Anim. Ecol., 57: 463–474.
Metcalfe, N. B., 1998. The interaction between behaviour and physiology in determining life history patterns in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 55: 93–103.
Qian, X., Cui, Y., Xie, S., Lei, W., Zhu, X., Xiong, B., et al., 2002. Individual variations in growth, food intake and activity in juvenile Chinese sturgeon Acipenser sinensis Gray. J. Appl. Ichthyol., 18: 695–698.
Qin, C. X., Dong, S. L., Tan, F. Y., Tian, X. L., Wang, F., Dong, Y. W., et al., 2009. Optimization of stocking density for the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus Selenka, under feed-supplement and non-feed-supplement regimes in pond culture. J. Ocean. Univ. China, 8(3): 296–302. doi:10.1007/s11802-009-0296-1.
Schneider, R. A. Z., Huber, R., and Moore, P. A., 2000. Individual and status recognition in the crayfish, Orconectes rusticus: the effects of urine release on fight dynamics. Behaviour, 138: 137–153.
Sloman, K. A., Gilmour, K. M., Taylor, A. C., and Metcalfe, N. B., 2000. Physiological effects of dominance hierarchies within group of brown trout, Salmo trutta, held under simulated natural conditions. Fish Physiol. Biochem., 22: 11–20.
Umino, T., Arai, K., and Nakagawa, H., 1997. Growth performance in clonal crucian carp, Carassius langsdorfii. Effects of genetic difference and feeding hidtory. Aquaculture, 155: 271–283.
Van der Waal, B. C. W., 1998. Survival strategies of sharp tooth catfish Clarias gariepinus in desiccating pans in the northern Kruger National Park. Koedoe, 41: 131–138.
Van de Nieuwegiessen, P. G., Schrama, J. W., and Verreth, J. A. J., 2008. A note on alarm cues in juvenile African catfish, Clarias gariepinus Burchell: Indications for opposing behavioural strategies. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 113: 270–275.
Vilizzi, L., and Walker, K. F., 1999. The onset of the juvenile period in carp, Cyprinus carpio: a literature survey. Environ. Biol. Fish., 56: 93–102.
Wang, N., Hayward, R. S., and Noltie, D. B., 1998. Variation in food consumption, growth, and growth efficiency among juvenile hybrid sunfish held individually. Aquaculture, 167: 43–52.
Wang, F., Dong, S. L., Huang, G. Q., Wu, L. X., Tian, X. L., and Ma, S., 2003. The effect of light color on the growth of Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis. Aquaculture, 228: 351–360.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liang, M., Dong, S., Gao, Q. et al. Individual variation in growth in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenck) housed individually. J. Ocean Univ. China 9, 291–296 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-010-1739-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-010-1739-4