Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Relations between indoor and outdoor PM2.5 and constituent concentrations

  • Feature Article
  • Published:
Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Outdoor PM2.5 influences both the concentration and composition of indoor PM2.5. People spend over 80% of their time indoors. Therefore, to assess possible health effects of PM2.5 it is important to accurately characterize indoor PM2.5 concentrations and composition. Controlling indoor PM2.5 concentration is presently more feasible and economic than decreasing outdoor PM2.5 concentration. This study reviews modeling and measurements that address relationships between indoor and outdoor PM2.5 and the corresponding constituent concentrations. The key factors in the models are indooroutdoor air exchange rate, particle penetration, and deposition. We compiled studies that report I/O ratios of PM2.5 and typical constituents (sulfate (SO2–4), nitrate (NO–3), ammonium (NH+4), elemental carbon (EC), and organic carbon (OC), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn)). From these studies we conclude that: 1) sulfate might be a reasonable tracer of non-volatile species (EC, Fe, Cu, and Mn) and PM2.5 itself; 2) particulate nitrate and ammonium generally desorb to gaseous HNO3 and NH3 when they enter indoors, unless, as seldom happens, they have strong indoor sources; 3) indoor-originating semi-volatile organic compounds sorb on indoor PM2.5, thereby increasing the PM2.5 OC load. We suggest further studies on indoor-outdoor relationships of PM2.5 and constituents so as to help develop standards for healthy buildings.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allen A G, Nemitz E, Shi J P, Harrison R M, Greenwood J C (2001). Size distributions of trace metals in atmospheric aerosols in the United Kingdom. Atmospheric Environment, 35(27): 4581–4591

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allen R W, Adar S D, Avol E, Cohen M, Curl C L, Larson T, Liu L J S, Sheppard L, Kaufman J D (2012). Modeling the residential infiltration of outdoor PM2.5 in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis and air pollution (MESA air). Environmental Health Perspectives, 120(6): 824–830

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alves C, Nunes T, Silva J, Duarte M (2013). Comfort parameters and particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) in school classrooms and outdoor air. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 13(5): 1521–1535

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andersen R, Fabi V, Toftum J, Corgnati S P, Olesen B W (2013). Window opening behaviour modelled from measurements in Danish dwellings. Building and Environment, 69: 101–113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andersen R V, Toftum J, Andersen K K, Olesen B W (2009). Survey of occupant behaviour and control of indoor environment in Danish dwellings. Energy and Building, 41(1): 11–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Azuma K, Uchiyama I, Uchiyama S, Kunugita N (2016). Assessment of inhalation exposure to indoor air pollutants: Screening for health risks of multiple pollutants in Japanese dwellings. Environmental Research, 145: 39–49

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barraza F, Jorquera H, Valdivia G, Montoya L D (2014). Indoor PM2.5 in Santiago, Chile, spring 2012: Source apportionment and outdoor contributions. Atmospheric Environment, 94: 692–700

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baxter L K, Clougherty J E, Laden F, Levy J I (2007). Predictors of concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, fine particulate matter, and particle constituents inside of lower socioeconomic status urban homes. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 17(5): 433–444

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bekö G, Gustavsen S, Frederiksen M, Bergsøe N C, Kolarik B, Gunnarsen L, Toftum J, Clausen G (2016). Diurnal and seasonal variation in air exchange rates and interzonal airflows measured by active and passive tracer gas in homes. Building and Environment, 104: 178–187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belis C A, Karagulian F, Larsen B R, Hopke P K (2013). Critical review and meta-analysis of ambient particulate matter source apportionment using receptor models in Europe. Atmospheric Environment, 69: 94–108

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brauer M, Dumyahn T S, Spengler J D, Gutschmidt K, Heinrich J, Wichmann H E (1995). Measurement of acidic aerosol species in eastern Europe: Implications for air pollution epidemiology. Environmental Health Perspectives, 103(5): 482–488

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brook R D, Rajagopalan S, Pope C A 3rd, Brook J R, Bhatnagar A, Diez-Roux A V, Holguin F, Hong Y, Luepker R V, Mittleman M A, Peters A, Siscovick D, Smith S C Jr, Whitsel L, Kaufman J D, American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, Council on the Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, and Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism (2010). Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: An update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 121(21): 2331–2378

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buczynska A J, Krata A, Van Grieken R, Brown A, Polezer G, De Wael K, Potgieter-Vermaak S (2014). Composition of PM2.5 and PM1 on high and low pollution event days and its relation to indoor air quality in a home for the elderly. Science of the Total Environment, 490: 134–143

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cao J, Mo J, Sun Z, Zhang Y (2018). Indoor particle age, a new concept for improving the accuracy of estimating indoor airborne SVOC concentrations, and applications. Building and Environment, 136: 88–97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cao S J, Kong X R, Li L, Zhang W, Ye Z P, Deng Y (2017). An investigation of the PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations and their human health impacts in the metro subway system of Suzhou, China. Environmental Science. Processes & Impacts, 19(5): 666–675

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen C, Zhao B (2011). Review of relationship between indoor and outdoor particles: I/O ratio, infiltration factor and penetration factor. Atmospheric Environment, 45(2): 275–288

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen C, Zhao B, Weschler C J (2012). Assessing the influence of indoor exposure to “outdoor ozone” on the relationship between ozone and short-term mortality in U.S. communities. Environmental Health Perspectives, 120(2): 235–240

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen S J, Lin T C, Tsai J H, Hsieh L T, Cho J Y (2013). Characteristics of indoor aerosols in college laboratories. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 13(2): 649–661

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y, Xie S, Luo B (2018). Seasonal variations of transport pathways and potential sources of PM2.5 in Chengdu, China (2012–2013). Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 12(1): 12

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chithra V S, Nagendra S M S (2013). Chemical and morphological characteristics of indoor and outdoor particulate matter in an urban environment. Atmospheric Environment, 77: 579–587

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chow J C, Lowenthal D H, Chen L W A, Wang X, Watson J G (2015). Mass reconstruction methods for PM2.5: A review. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 8(3): 243–263

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeCarlo P F, Avery A M, Waring M S (2018). Thirdhand smoke uptake to aerosol particles in the indoor environment. Science Advances, 4 (5): eaap8368

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diapouli E, Chaloulakou A, Koutrakis P (2013). Estimating the concentration of indoor particles of outdoor origin: A review. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 63(10): 1113–1129

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donahue N M, Robinson A L, Stanier C O, Pandis S N (2006). Coupled partitioning, dilution, and chemical aging of semivolatile organics. Environmental Science & Technology, 40(8): 2635–2643

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ebelt S T, Wilson W E, Brauer M (2005). Exposure to ambient and nonambient components of particulate matter: A comparison of health effects. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 16(3): 396–405

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fang T, Guo H, Zeng L, Verma V, Nenes A, Weber R J (2017a). Highly acidic ambient particles, soluble metals, and oxidative potential: a link between sulfate and aerosol toxicity. Environmental Science & Technology, 51(5): 2611–2620

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fang T, Zeng L, Gao D, Verma V, Stefaniak A B, Weber R J (2017b). Ambient size distributions and lung deposition of aerosol dithiothreitol- measured oxidative potential: Contrast between soluble and insoluble particles. Environmental Science & Technology, 51(12): 6802–6811

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feng Z, Zhou X, Xu S, Ding J, Cao S J (2018). Impacts of humidification process on indoor thermal comfort and air quality using portable ultrasonic humidifier. Building and Environment, 133: 62–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fromme H, Diemer J, Dietrich S, Cyrys J, Heinrich J, Lang W, Kiranoglu M, Twardella D (2008). Chemical and morphological properties of particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5) in school classrooms and outdoor air. Atmospheric Environment, 42(27): 6597–6605

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gauderman W J, Urman R, Avol E, Berhane K, McConnell R, Rappaport E, Chang R, Lurmann F, Gilliland F (2015). Association of improved air quality with lung development in children. The New England Journal of Medicine, 372(10): 905–913

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • GBD-2015-Mortality-and-Causes-of-Death-Collaborators (2016). Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. The Lancet, 388(10053): 1459–1544

  • Glasius M, Goldstein A H (2016). Recent discoveries and future challenges in atmospheric organic chemistry. Environmental Science & Technology, 50(6): 2754–2764

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Habre R, Moshier E, Castro W, Nath A, Grunin A, Rohr A, Godbold J, Schachter N, Kattan M, Coull B, Koutrakis P (2014). The effects of PM2.5 and its components from indoor and outdoor sources on cough and wheeze symptoms in asthmatic children. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 24(4): 380–387

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Han Y J, Li X H, Zhu T L, Lv D, Chen Y, Hou L A, Zhang Y P, RenMZ (2016). Characteristics and relationships between indoor and outdoor PM2.5 in Beijing: A residential apartment case study. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 16(10): 2386–2395

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hänninen O O, Lebret E, Ilacqua V, Katsouyanni K, Künzli N, Srám R J, JantunenM (2004). Infiltration of ambient PM2.5 and levels of indoor generated non-ETS PM2.5 in residences of four European cities. Atmospheric Environment, 38(37): 6411–6423

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hasheminassab S, Daher N, Shafer M M, Schauer J J, Delfino R J, Sioutas C (2014). Chemical characterization and source apportionment of indoor and outdoor fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in retirement communities of the Los Angeles Basin. Science of the Total Environment, 490: 528–537

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hassanvand M S, Naddafi K, Faridi S, Arhami M, Nabizadeh R, Sowlat M H, Pourpak Z, Rastkari N, Momeniha F, Kashani H, Gholampour A, Nazmara S, Alimohammadi M, Goudarzi G, Yunesian M (2014). Indoor/outdoor relationships of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 mass concentrations and their water-soluble ions in a retirement home and a school dormitory. Atmospheric Environment, 82: 375–382

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hering S V, Lunden M M, Thatcher T L, Kirchstetter T W, Brown N I (2007). Using regional data and building leakage to assess indoor concentrations of particles of outdoor origin. Aerosol Science and Technology, 41(7): 639–654

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hodas N, Meng Q, Lunden M M, Rich D Q, Ozkaynak H, Baxter L K, Zhang Q, Turpin B J (2012). Variability in the fraction of ambient fine particulate matter found indoors and observed heterogeneity in health effect estimates. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 22(5): 448–454

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hodas N, Turpin B J (2014). Shifts in the gas-particle partitioning of ambient organics with transport into the indoor environment. Aerosol Science and Technology, 48(3): 271–281

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hopke P K (2016). Review of receptor modeling methods for source apportionment. Journal of the Air &Waste Management Association, 66(3): 237–259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang H, Zou C W, Cao J J, Tsang P K, Zhu F X, Yu C L, Xue S J (2012). Water-soluble Ions in PM2.5 on the Qianhu Campus of Nanchang University, Nanchang City: Indoor-outdoor distribution and source implications. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 12(3): 435–443

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ivey C E, Holmes H A, Hu Y, Mulholland J A, Russell A G (2016). A method for quantifying bias in modeled concentrations and source impacts for secondary particulate matter. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 10(5): 14

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ivey C E, Holmes H A, Hu Y T, Mulholland J A, Russell A G (2015). Development of PM2.5 source impact spatial fields using a hybrid source apportionment air quality model. Geoscientific Model Development, 8(7): 2153–2165

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jan R, Roy R, Yadav S, Satsangi P G (2017). Exposure assessment of children to particulate matter and gaseous species in school environments of Pune, India. Building and Environment, 111: 207–217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ji W, Li H, Zhao B, Deng F (2018). Tracer element for indoor PM2.5 in China migrated from outdoor. Atmospheric Environment, 176: 171–178

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ji W, Zhao B (2015). Estimating mortality derived from indoor exposure to particles of outdoor origin. PLoS One, 10(4): e0124238

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • John K, Karnae S, Crist K, Kim M, Kulkarni A (2007). Analysis of trace elements and ions in ambient fine particulate matter at three elementary schools in Ohio. Journal of the Air &Waste Management Association, 57(4): 394–406

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson A M, Waring M S, DeCarlo P F (2016). Real-time transformation of outdoor aerosol components upon transport indoors measured with aerosol mass spectrometry. Indoor Air, 27 (1): 230–240

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klepeis N E, Nelson W C, Ott W R, Robinson J P, Tsang A M, Switzer P, Behar J V, Hern S C, Engelmann W H (2001). The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): A resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 11(3): 231–252

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klinmalee A, Srimongkol K, Kim Oanh N T (2009). Indoor air pollution levels in public buildings in Thailand and exposure assessment. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 156(1–4): 581–594

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koutrakis P, Briggs S L K, Leaderer B P (1992). Source apportionment of indoor aerosols in Suffolk and Onondaga counties, New York. Environmental Science & Technology, 26(3): 521–527

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kroll J H, Seinfeld J H (2008). Chemistry of secondary organic aerosol: Formation and evolution of low-volatility organics in the atmosphere. Atmospheric Environment, 42(16): 3593–3624

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kulshrestha A, Bisht D S, Masih J, Massey D, Tiwari S, Taneja A (2009). Chemical characterization of water-soluble aerosols in different residential environments of semi aridregion of India. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 62(2): 121–138

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lakey P S J, Berkemeier T, Tong H, Arangio A M, Lucas K, Pöschl U, Shiraiwa M (2016). Chemical exposure-response relationship between air pollutants and reactive oxygen species in the human respiratory tract. Scientific Reports, 6(1): 32916

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lazaridis M, Aleksandropoulou V, Hanssen J E, Dye C, Eleftheriadis K, Katsivela E (2008). Inorganic and carbonaceous components in indoor/outdoor particulate matter in two residential houses in Oslo, Norway. Journal of the Air &Waste Management Association, 58(3): 346–356

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leaderer B P, Naeher L, Jankun T, Balenger K, Holford T R, Toth C, Sullivan J, Wolfson J M, Koutrakis P (1999). Indoor, outdoor, and regional summer and winter concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO42-, H+, NH4+, NO3-, NH3, and nitrous acid in homes with and without kerosene space heaters. Environmental Health Perspectives, 107(3): 223–231

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lim S S, Vos T, Flaxman A D, Danaei G, Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani H, Amann M, Anderson H R, Andrews K G, Aryee M, Atkinson C, Bacchus L J, Bahalim A N, Balakrishnan K, Balmes J, Barker-Collo S, Baxter A, Bell M L, Blore J D, Blyth F, Bonner C, Borges G, Bourne R, Boussinesq M, Brauer M, Brooks P, Bruce N G, Brunekreef B, Bryan-Hancock C, Bucello C, Buchbinder R, Bull F, Burnett R T, Byers T E, Calabria B, Carapetis J, Carnahan E, Chafe Z, Charlson F, Chen H, Chen J S, Cheng A T, Child J C, Cohen A, Colson K E, Cowie B C, Darby S, Darling S, Davis A, Degenhardt L, Dentener F, Des Jarlais D C, Devries K, Dherani M, Ding E L, Dorsey E R, Driscoll T, Edmond K, Ali S E, Engell R E, Erwin P J, Fahimi S, Falder G, Farzadfar F, Ferrari A, Finucane M M, Flaxman S, Fowkes F G, Freedman G, Freeman M K, Gakidou E, Ghosh S, Giovannucci E, Gmel G, Graham K, Grainger R, Grant B, Gunnell D, Gutierrez H R, Hall W, Hoek H W, Hogan A, Hosgood H D 3rd, Hoy D, Hu H, Hubbell B J, Hutchings S J, Ibeanusi S E, Jacklyn G L, Jasrasaria R, Jonas J B, Kan H, Kanis J A, Kassebaum N, Kawakami N, Khang Y H, Khatibzadeh S, Khoo J P, Kok C, Laden F, Lalloo R, Lan Q, Lathlean T, Leasher J L, Leigh J, Li Y, Lin J K, Lipshultz S E, London S, Lozano R, Lu Y, Mak J, Malekzadeh R, Mallinger L, Marcenes W, March L, Marks R, Martin R, McGale P, McGrath J, Mehta S, Mensah G A, Merriman T R, Micha R, Michaud C, Mishra V, Mohd Hanafiah K, Mokdad A A, Morawska L, Mozaffarian D, Murphy T, Naghavi M, Neal B, Nelson P K, Nolla J M, Norman R, Olives C, Omer S B, Orchard J, Osborne R, Ostro B, Page A, Pandey K D, Parry C D, Passmore E, Patra J, Pearce N, Pelizzari P M, Petzold M, Phillips M R, Pope D, Pope C A 3rd, Powles J, Rao M, Razavi H, Rehfuess E A, Rehm J T, Ritz B, Rivara F P, Roberts T, Robinson C, Rodriguez-Portales J A, Romieu I, Room R, Rosenfeld L C, Roy A, Rushton L, Salomon J A, Sampson U, Sanchez-Riera L, Sanman E, Sapkota A, Seedat S, Shi P, Shield K, Shivakoti R, Singh G M, Sleet D A, Smith E, Smith K R, Stapelberg N J, Steenland K, Stöckl H, Stovner L J, Straif K, Straney L, Thurston G D, Tran J H, Van Dingenen R, van Donkelaar A, Veerman J L, Vijayakumar L, Weintraub R, Weissman M M, White R A, Whiteford H, Wiersma S T, Wilkinson J D, Williams H C, Williams W, Wilson N, Woolf A D, Yip P, Zielinski J M, Lopez A D, Murray C J, Ezzati M, AlMazroa M A, Memish Z A (2012). A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet, 380(9859): 2224–2260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lippmann M, Chen L C, Gordon T, Ito K, Thurston G D (2013). National Particle Component Toxicity (NPACT) Initiative: Integrated Epidemiologic and Toxicologic Studies of the Health Effects of Particulate Matter Components. Boston, USA: Research Report Health Effect Institute

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu C, Cai J, Qiao L, Wang H, Xu W, Li H, Zhao Z, Chen R, Kan H (2017a). The acute effects of fine particulate matter constituents on blood inflammation and coagulation. Environmental Science & Technology, 51(14): 8128–8137

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu C, Cao J (2018). Potential role of intraparticle diffusion in dynamic partitioning of secondary organic aerosols. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 9(6): 1131–1136

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu C, Kolarik B, Gunnarsen L, Zhang Y (2015a). C-depth method to determine diffusion coefficient and partition coefficient of PCB in building materials. Environmental Science & Technology, 49(20): 12112–12119

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu C, Liu Z, Little J C, Zhang Y (2013a). Convenient, rapid and accurate measurement of SVOC emission characteristics in experimental chambers. PLoS One, 8(8): e72445

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu C, Shi S, Weschler C, Zhao B, Zhang Y (2013b). Analysis of the dynamic interaction between SVOCs and airborne particles. Aerosol Science and Technology, 47(2): 125–136

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu C, Zhang Y (2016). Characterizing the equilibrium relationship between DEHP in PVC flooring and air using a closed-chamber SPME method. Building and Environment, 95: 283–290

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu C, Zhang Y, Benning J L, Little J C (2015b). The effect of ventilation on indoor exposure to semivolatile organic compounds. Indoor Air, 25(3): 285–296

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu C, Zhang Y, Weschler C J (2014). The impact of mass transfer limitations on size distributions of particle associated SVOCs in outdoor and indoor environments. Science of the Total Environment, 497–498: 401–411

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu C, Zhang Y, Weschler C J (2017b). Exposure to SVOCs from inhaled particles: Impact of desorption. Environmental Science & Technology, 51(11): 6220–6228

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu D L, Nazaroff W W (2001). Modeling pollutant penetration across building envelopes. Atmospheric Environment, 35(26): 4451–4462

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lomboy M, Quirit L L, Molina V B, Dalmacion G V, Schwartz J D, Suh H H, Baja E S (2015). Characterization of particulate matter 2.5 in an urban tertiary care hospital in the Philippines. Building and Environment, 92: 432–439

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • López-Aparicio S, Smolík J, Mašková L, Soucková M, Grøntoft T, Ondrácková L, Stankiewicz J (2011). Relationship of indoor and outdoor air pollutants in a naturally ventilated historical building envelope. Building and Environment, 46(7): 1460–1468

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loupa G, Zarogianni A M, Karali D, Kosmadakis I, Rapsomanikis S (2016). Indoor/outdoor PM2.5 elemental composition and organic fraction medications, in a Greek hospital. Science of the Total Environment, 550: 727–735

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu M, Lin B L, Inoue K, Lei Z, Zhang Z, Tsunemi K (2018). PM2.5- related health impacts of utilizing ammonia-hydrogen energy in Kanto Region, Japan. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 12(2): 13

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lunden M M, Kirchstetter T W, Thatcher T L, Hering S V, Brown N J (2008). Factors affecting the indoor concentrations of carbonaceous aerosols of outdoor origin. Atmospheric Environment, 42(22): 5660–5671

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lunden M M, Revzan K L, Fischer M L, Thatcher T L, Littlejohn D, Hering S V, Brown N J (2003). The transformation of outdoor ammonium nitrate aerosols in the indoor environment. Atmospheric Environment, 37(39–40): 5633–5644

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ministry-of-Environment-Protection (2013). The Chinese Exposure Factors Handbook (Adults). Beijing, China Environmental Science Press (in Chinese)

  • Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of China (MOHURD), General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of China (GAQSIQC) (2012). GB50736. Design code for heating ventilation and air conditioning of civil buildings. Beijing: Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of China, General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of China (in Chinese)

  • Mohammed M O A, Song W W, Ma W L, Li W L, Ambuchi J J, Thabit M, Li Y F (2015). Trends in indoor-outdoor PM2.5 research: A systematic review of studies conducted during the last decade (2003–2013). Atmospheric Pollution Research, 6(5): 893–903

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montagne D, Hoek G, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Lanki T, Pennanen A, Portella M, Meliefste K, Wang M, Eeftens M, Yli-Tuomi T, Cirach M, Brunekreef B (2014a). The association of LUR modeled PM2.5 elemental composition with personal exposure. Science of the Total Environment, 493: 298–306

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montagne D, Hoek G, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Lanki T, Siponen T, Portella M, Meliefste K, Brunekreef B (2014b). Temporal associations of ambient PM2.5 elemental concentrations with indoor and personal concentrations. Atmospheric Environment, 86: 203–211

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morawska L, Afshari A, Bae G N, Buonanno G, Chao C Y H, Hänninen O, Hofmann W, Isaxon C, Jayaratne E R, Pasanen P, Salthammer T, Waring M, Wierzbicka A (2013). Indoor aerosols: From personal exposure to risk assessment. Indoor Air, 23(6): 462–487

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moreno T, Rivas I, Bouso L, Viana M, Jones T, Alvarez-Pedrerol M, Alastuey A, Sunyer J, Querol X (2014). Variations in school playground and classroom atmospheric particulate chemistry. Atmospheric Environment, 91: 162–171

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nazaroff W W (2018a). The air around us. Indoor Air, 28(1): 3–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nazaroff W W (2018b). The particles around us. Indoor Air, 28(2): 215–217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noullett M, Jackson P L, Brauer M (2010). Estimation and characterization of children’s ambient generated exposure to PM2.5 using sulphate and elemental carbon as tracers. Atmospheric Environment, 44(36): 4629–4637

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pei J, Yin Y, Liu J (2016). Long-term indoor gas pollutant monitor of new dormitories with natural ventilation. Energy and Building, 129: 514–523

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perrino C, Tofful L, Canepari S (2016). Chemical characterization of indoor and outdoor fine particulate matter in an occupied apartment in Rome, Italy. Indoor Air, 26(4): 558–570

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Persily A, Musser A, Emmerich S J (2010). Modeled infiltration rate distributions for U.S. housing. Indoor Air, 20(6): 473–485

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Persily A K (2016). Field measurement of ventilation rates. Indoor Air, 26(1): 97–111

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polidori A, Cheung K L, Arhami M, Delfino R J, Schauer J J, Sioutas C (2009). Relationships between size-fractionated indoor and outdoor trace elements at four retirement communities in southern California. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 9(14): 4521–4536

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pope C A 3rd, Dockery D W (2006). Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: Lines that connect. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 56(6): 709–742

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riley W J, McKone T E, Lai A C K, Nazaroff W W (2002). Indoor particulate matter of outdoor origin: Importance of size-dependent removal mechanisms. Environmental Science & Technology, 36(2): 200–207

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rivas I, Viana M, Moreno T, Bouso L, Pandolfi M, Alvarez-Pedrerol M, Forns J, Alastuey A, Sunyer J, Querol X (2015). Outdoor infiltration and indoor contribution of UFP and BC, OC, secondary inorganic ions and metals in PM2.5 in schools. Atmospheric Environment, 106: 129–138

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz P A, Toro C, Cáceres J, López G, Oyola P, Koutrakis P (2010). Effect of gas and kerosene space heaters on indoor air quality: A study in homes of Santiago, Chile. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 60(1): 98–108

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sajani S Z, Ricciardelli I, Trentini A, Bacco D, Maccone C, Castellazzi S, Lauriola P, Poluzzi V, Harrison R M (2015). Spatial and indoor/outdoor gradients in urban concentrations of ultrafine particles and PM2.5 mass and chemical components. Atmospheric Environment, 103: 307–320

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salthammer T, Zhang Y, Mo J, Koch H M, Weschler C J (2018). Assessing human exposure to organic pollutants in the indoor environment. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 57(38): 12228–12263

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sangiorgi G, Ferrero L, Ferrini B S, Lo Porto C, Perrone M G, Zangrando R, Gambaro A, Lazzati Z, Bolzacchini E (2013). Indoor airborne particle sources and semi-volatile partitioning effect of outdoor fine PM in offices. Atmospheric Environment, 65: 205–214

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saraga D, Maggos T, Sadoun E, Fthenou E, Hassan H, Tsiouri V, Karavoltsos S, Sakellari A, Vasilakos C, Kakosimos K (2017). Chemical characterization of indoor and outdoor particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10) in Doha, Qatar. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 17 (5): 1156–1168

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saraga D E, Maggos T, Helmis C G, Michopoulos J, Bartzis J G, Vasilakos C (2010). PM1 and PM2.5 ionic composition and VOCs measurements in two typical apartments in Athens, Greece: Investigation of smoking contribution to indoor air concentrations. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 167(1–4): 321–331

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saraga D E, Makrogkika A, Karavoltsos S, Sakellari A, Diapouli E, Eleftheriadis K, Vasilakos C, Helmis C, Maggos T (2015). A pilot investigation of PM indoor/outdoor mass concentration and chemical analysis during a period of extensive fireplace use in Athens. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 15(7): 2485–2495

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarnat J A, Long C M, Koutrakis P, Coull B A, Schwartz J, Suh H H (2002). Using sulfur as a tracer of outdoor fine particulate matter. Environmental Science & Technology, 36(24): 5305–5314

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarnat S E, Sarnat J A, Mulholland J, Isakov V, Özkaynak H, Chang H H, Klein M, Tolbert P E (2013). Application of alternative spatiotemporal metrics of ambient air pollution exposure in a timeseries epidemiological study in Atlanta. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 23(6): 593–605

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Satsangi P G, Yadav S, Pipal A S, Kumbhar N (2014). Characteristics of trace metals in fine (PM2.5) and inhalable (PM10) particles and its health risk assessment along with in-silico approach in indoor environment of India. Atmospheric Environment, 92: 384–393

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schweiker M, Haldi F, Shukuya M, Robinson D (2012). Verification of stochastic models of window opening behaviour for residential buildings. Journal of Building Performance Simulation, 5(1): 55–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • See S W, Balasubramanian R (2006). Risk assessment of exposure to indoor aerosols associated with Chinese cooking. Environmental Research, 102(2): 197–204

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • See S W, Wang Y H, Balasubramanian R (2007). Contrasting reactive oxygen species and transition metal concentrations in combustion aerosols. Environmental Research, 103(3): 317–324

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seinfeld J H, Pankow J F (2003). Organic atmospheric particulate material. Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, 54(1): 121–140

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seleventi M K, Saraga D E, Helmis C G, Bairachtari K, Vasilakos C, Maggos T (2012). PM2.5 indoor/outdoor relationship and chemical composition in ions and OC/EC in an apartment in the center of Athens. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 21(11): 3177–3183

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shi S, Chen C, Zhao B (2015). Air infiltration rate distributions of residences in Beijing. Building and Environment, 92: 528–537

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shi S, Chen C, Zhao B (2017). Modifications of exposure to ambient particulate matter: Tackling bias in using ambient concentration as surrogate with particle infiltration factor and ambient exposure factor. Environmental Pollution, 220(Pt A): 337–347

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shi S, Zhao B (2012). Comparison of the predicted concentration of outdoor originated indoor polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons between a kinetic partition model and a linear instantaneous model for gas–particle partition. Atmospheric Environment, 59: 93–101

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shi S, Zhao B (2016). Occupants’ interactions with windows in 8 residential apartments in Beijing and Nanjing, China. Building Simulation, 9(2): 221–231

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song Y, Sun L, Wang X, Zhang Y, Wang H, Li R, Xue L, Chen J, Wang W (2018). Pollution characteristics of particulate matters emitted from outdoor barbecue cooking in urban Jinan in eastern China. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 12(2): 14

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stanek L W, Sacks J D, Dutton S J, Dubois J J B (2011). Attributing health effects to apportioned components and sources of particulate matter: An evaluation of collective results. Atmospheric Environment, 45(32): 5655–5663

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens C, Williams R, Jones P (2014). Progress on understanding spatial and temporal variability of PM2.5 and its components in the Detroit Exposure and Aerosol Research Study (DEARS). Environmental Science. Processes & Impacts, 16(1): 94–105

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suh H H, Koutrakis P, Spengler J D (1994). The relationship between airborne acidity and ammonia in indoor environments. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 4(1): 1–22

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szymczak W, Menzel N, Keck L (2007). Emission of ultrafine copper particles by universal motors controlled by phase angle modulation. Journal of Aerosol Science, 38(5): 520–531

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tofful L, Perrino C (2015). Chemical composition of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 in three schools in the city of Rome. Atmosphere, 6(10): 1422–1443

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Viana M, Rivas I, Querol X, Alastuey A, Sunyer J, Álvarez-Pedrerol M, Bouso L, Sioutas C (2014). Indoor/outdoor relationships and mass closure of quasi-ultrafine, accumulation and coarse particles in Barcelona schools. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 14(9): 4459–4472

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace L A, Emmerich S J, Howard-Reed C (2002). Continuous measurements of air change rates in an occupied house for 1 year: The effect of temperature, wind, fans, and windows. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 12(4): 296–306

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang J, Lai S, Ke Z, Zhang Y, Yin S, Zheng J (2014). Exposure assessment, chemical characterization and source identification of PM2.5 for school children and industrial downwind residents in Guangzhou, China. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 36(3): 385–397

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang L, Fu J S, Wei W, Wei Z, Meng C, Ma S, Wang J (2018). How aerosol direct effects influence the source contributions to PM2.5 concentrations over Southern Hebei, China in severe winter haze episodes. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 12(3): 13

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang L, Zhao B, Liu C, Lin H, Yang X, Zhang Y (2010). Indoor SVOC pollution in China: A review. Chinese Science Bulletin, 55(15): 1469–1478

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wark K, Warner C F (1976). Air Pollution: Its Origin and Control. New York: Harper and Row Publishers

    Google Scholar 

  • Weschler C J, Nazaroff W W (2008). Semivolatile organic compounds in indoor environments. Atmospheric Environment, 42(40): 9018–9040

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • West J J, Cohen A, Dentener F, Brunekreef B, Zhu T, Armstrong B, Bell M L, Brauer M, Carmichael G, Costa D L, Dockery D W, Kleeman M, Krzyzanowski M, Künzli N, Liousse C, Lung S C C, Martin R V, Pöschl U, Pope C A 3rd, Roberts J M, Russell A G, Wiedinmyer C (2016). What we breathe impacts our health: Improving understanding of the link between air pollution and health. Environmental Science & Technology, 50(10): 4895–4904

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xie R, Sabel C E, Lu X, Zhu W, Kan H, Nielsen C P, Wang H (2016). Long-term trend and spatial pattern of PM2.5 induced premature mortality in China. Environment International, 97: 180–186

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xiong Q, Yu H, Wang R, Wei J, Verma V (2017). Rethinking the dithiothreitol (DTT) based PM oxidative potential: measuring DTT consumption versus ROS generation. Environmental Science & Technology, 51(11): 6507–6514

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto N, Shendell D G,Winer A M, Zhang J (2010). Residential air exchange rates in three major US metropolitan areas: Results from the relationship among indoor, outdoor, and personal air study 1999–2001. Indoor Air, 20(1): 85–90

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yan D, O’Brien W, Hong T, Feng X, Burak Gunay H, Tahmasebi F, Mahdavi A (2015). Occupant behavior modeling for building performance simulation: Current state and future challenges. Energy and Building, 107(Supplement C): 264–278

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang J M, Chen J M, Yang L X, Sui X, Yao L, Zheng L F, Wen L, Xu C H, Wang W X (2014). Indoor PM2.5 and its chemical composition during a heavy haze-fog episode at Jinan, China. Atmospheric Environment, 99: 641–649

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou X, Cai J, Zhao Y, Chen R, Wang C, Zhao A, Yang C, Li H, Liu S, Cao J, Kan H, Xu H (2018). Estimation of residential fine particulate matter infiltration in Shanghai, China. Environmental Pollution, 233: 494–500

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu C S, Cao J J, Shen Z X, Liu S X, Zhang T, Zhao Z Z, Xu H M, Zhang E K (2012). Indoor and outdoor chemical components of PM2.5 in the rural areas of Northwestern China. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 12(6): 1157–1165

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu Y H, Yang L X, Meng C P, Yuan Q, Yan C, Dong C, Sui X, Yao L, Yang F, Lu Y L, Wang W X (2015). Indoor/outdoor relationships and diurnal/nocturnal variations in water-soluble ion and PAH concentrations in the atmospheric PM2.5 of a business office area in Jinan, a heavily polluted city in China. Atmospheric Research, 153: 276–285

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2017YFC0702700) and the Nature Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51420105010 and 51808107). We thank Louise B. Weschler for English editing.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China

    Cong Liu

  2. Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

    Yinping Zhang

  3. Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, 100084, China

    Yinping Zhang

Authors
  1. Cong Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yinping Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yinping Zhang.

Additional information

Cong Liu received his Ph.D in Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning from Tsinghua University and did Postdoctoral research in regional air quality modeling in Georgia Institute of Technology. He is an associate professor in School of Energy and Environment at Southeast University (Nanjing, China). His research interests include indoor-outdoor relationships of air pollutants, gas-particle conversion of semi-volatile pollutants, source characteristics of and exposure to indoor air pollutants.

Yinping Zhang received a Ph.D. degree in Engineering Science from University of Science and Technology of China in 1991. He joined Tsinghua University in 1997 and was appointed as full professor of Tsinghua University in 1999. He serves as chairman of Association of Indoor Environment of China, head of Beijing Key Lab of Indoor Air Quality and is the director of the Test Center of Built Environment of Tsinghua University. He has been a Visiting Professor at the Technical University of Denmark. His research interests include indoor VOC/SVOC source/sink characteristics, interaction of airborne particles and SVOCs, transportation of indoor air pollutants, exposure and health risk to indoor air pollutants.

Electronic supplementary material

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Liu, C., Zhang, Y. Relations between indoor and outdoor PM2.5 and constituent concentrations. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng. 13, 5 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-019-1089-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-019-1089-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation