Abstract
From the point of view of urban consumption behavior, urban fresh water consumption could be classified as three types, namely, direct, indirect and induced water consumption. A calculation approach of urban fresh water consumption was presented based on the theory of urban basic material consumption and the input-output method, which was utilized to calculate urban fresh water consumption of China, and to analyze its structural change and causes. The results show that the total urban fresh water consumption increased 561.7×109m3, and the proportion to the total national fresh water resources increased by 20 percentage points from 1952 to 2005. The proportion of direct and induced water consumption had been continuously rising, and it increased by 15 and 35 percentage points separately from 1952 to 2005, while the proportion of indirect water consumption decreased by 50 percentage points. Urban indirect water consumption was mainly related to urban grain, beef and mutton consumption, and urban induced water consumption had a close relationship with the amount of carbon emission per capita. Finally, some countermeasures were put forward to realize sustainable utilization of urban fresh water resources in China.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
China Agriculture Yearbook Editorial Commission, 1981–2007. China Agriculture Yearbook (1980–2006). Beijing: China agriculture Press. (in Chinese)
Dabrowski J M, Murray K, Ashton P J et al., 2008. Agricultural impacts on water quality and implications for virtual water trading decisions. Ecological Economics, 68(4): 1074–1082. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.07.016
Enrique Playań, Luciano Mateos, 2006. Modernization and optimization of irrigation systems to increase water productivity. Agricultural Water Management, 80(1–3): 100–116. DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2005.07.007
Feng Zhiming, 2007. Future food security and arable land guarantee for population development in China. Population Research, 31(2): 15–29. (in Chinese)
Hoekstra A Y, Hung P Q, 2005. Globalisation of water resources: International virtual water flows in relation to crop trade. Global Environmental Change, 15(1): 45–46. DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2004.06.004
Jenerette G Darrel, Marussich Wendy A, Newell Joshua P, 2006a. Linking ecological footprints with ecosystem valuation in the provisioning of urban freshwater. Ecological Economics, 59(1): 38–47. 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.09.023
Jenerette G Darrel, Wu Wanli, Goldsmith Susan et al., 2006b. Contrasting water footprints of cities in China and the United States. Ecological Economics, 57(3): 346–358. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.04.016
Jia Shaofeng, Zhang Shifeng, Yang Hong et al., 2004. Relation of industrial water use and economic development: Water use Kuznets Curve. Journal of Natural Resources, 19(3): 279–284. (in Chinese)
Liu Bochun, Xiu Kun, 2007. Public grassland properly using to realize stock raising sustained development. Grass Science, (12): 20–23. (in Chinese)
Liu Changming, 1995. Research on the China Water Resources Sustainable Development and Utilization. Beijing: China Center of Advanced Science and Technology, 121. (in Chinese)
Liu Changming, Chen Zhikai, 2001. Evaluation of the Current Chinese Water Resources and Analysis on the Trend of Supply-needs. Beijing: China Water Power Press, 53. (in Chinese)
Liu Changming, He Xiwu, 1996. China Water Problems Strategies in 21th Century. Beijing: Science Press, 91. (in Chinese)
Liu Guohua, Fu Bojie, Fang Jingyun, 2000. Carbon dynamics of Chinese forests and its contribution to global carbon balance. Acta Ecological Sinica, 20(5): 733–740. (in Chinese)
Merrett S, 1997. Introduction to the Economics of Water Resources: An International Perspective. London: UCL Press.
National Bureau of Statistics of China, 1982–2007. China Statistical Yearbook (1981–2006). Beijing: China Statistics Press. (in Chinese)
National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2005. China Compendium of Statistics 1949–2004. Beijing: China Statistics Press. (in Chinese)
Qi Guangping, 2002. Living water price of city & town residents and its structure analysis. Journal of Gansu Agricultural University, 37(2): 221–225. (in Chinese)
Qian Yi, Liu Changming, Shao Yisheng, 2002. Sustainable Development of Urban Water Resources in China. Beijing: China Water Power Press. (in Chinese)
Shen Dajun, Chen Wen, Luo Jianping, 2006. Econometric analysis and application on urban household water use. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 37(5): 593–597. (in Chinese)
The Ministry of Land and Resources of P. R.C., 2000–2006. China Land and Resources Almanac (1999–2005). Beijing: China Land and Resources Almanac Editorial Department. (in Chinese)
The Ministry of Water Resources of the People’s Republic of China, 1998–2006. China Water Resources Bulletin (1997–2005). Beijing: China Water Power Press. (in Chinese)
Wang Hao, Wang Jianhua, Qin Dayong, 2002. The study on water resources assessment and subject system of water resources research on modern times. Advance in Earth Sciences, 17(1): 12–17. (in Chinese)
Wang Minghua, 2006. Predication of the grain demand of China in the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan” period. The World of Survey and Research, (4): 16–18. (in Chinese)
Water Resources and Hydropower Planning Academy of the Water Resources Hydropower and Electric Power Ministry of China, 1989. Water Resources Utilization in China. Beijing: China Water Power Press, 25. (in Chinese)
Wu Peilin, 2005. Urbanization Development and Urban Water Resources Supply in China. Beijing: China Financial & Economic Publishing House. (in Chinese)
Yang Hong Ong, Zehnder Alexander J B, 2002. Water scarcity and food import: A case study for southern Mediterranean countries. World Development, 30(8): 1413–1430.
Yao Shimou, Chen Shuang, Nian Fuhua et al., 2008. Utilization and protection of water resources during urbanization. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 28(1): 22–28. (in Chinese)
Yin Jianli, Yuan Ruhua, 2005. Analysis of the elasticity of Nanjing domestic water demand. South-to-North Water Transfers and Water Science & Technology, 3(1): 46–48. (in Chinese)
Zhai Jinliang, Feng Renguo, Xia Jun, 2003. Constraining factors to sustainable utilization of water resource and their countermeasures in China. Chinese Geographical Science, 13(4): 310–316. DOI: 10.1007/S11769-0035-2
Zhang Lei, 2003. Economic development and its bearing on CO2 emissions. Acta Geographica Sinica, 58(4): 629–637. (in Chinese)
Zhang Lei, 2009. The Resource-environment Base for China’s Urbanization. Beijing: Science Press. (in Chinese)
Zhang Lei, Zhu Peng, 2008. The water resource base for modern urbanization. Progress in Geography, 27(1): 1–8. (in Chinese)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Foundation item: Under the auspices of Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40535026)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhu, P., Lu, C., Zhang, L. et al. Urban fresh water resources consumption of China. Chin. Geogr. Sci. 19, 219–224 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-009-0219-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-009-0219-5