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Overview of hemostatic factors involved in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

  • Published:
Lipids

Abstract

Hemostatic factors associated with the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) include fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) antigen, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and factor VII. Each SD increment of these increases the association by 24–30%. Most hemostatic factors are intercorrelated with inflammatory markers [e.g., C-reactive protein (CRP)] and LDL cholesterol. Fibrinogen seems the most fundamental hemostatic risk factor for CVD. The Framingham Study reaffirms the significant linear risk factor trends across fibrinogen tertiles (P<0.001) for age, body mass index, smoking, diabetes mellitus, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and TG in both sexes. Fibrinogen may also directly increase CVD risk because of its role in platelet aggregation, plasma viscosity, and fibrin formation. Fibrinogen is also an acute-phase reactant that is elevated in inflammatory states. Fibrinogen mediates the thrombogenic effect of other risk factors. Fibrinogen levels increase with the number of cigarettes smoked and quickly fall after smoking cessation. This rapid fibrinogen decline may be a mechanism for CVD risk reduction after smoking cessation. Weight loss is accompanied by reduced fibrinogen. The correlation between fibrinogen and LDL cholesterol suggests that lipidimposed CVD risk is mediated partly through fibrinogen. Hyperreactive platelets of diabetics may result in part from their increased fibrinogen. Elevated fibrinogen and CRP of unstable angina suggest an acute-phase reaction. Prevalence, case-control, angiographic, and echocardiogram investigations incriminate hemostatic and inflammatory markers as strong independent risk factors for initial and recurrent CVD. Framingham Study data indicate that each SD increase in fibrinogen imposes a 20% independent increment in risk. It may be concluded that fibrinogen and CRP determination may be useful screening tools to identify individuals at added risk for thrombotic complications of CVD.

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Abbreviations

BMI:

body mass index

CHD:

coronary heart disease

CI:

confidence interval

CRP:

C-reactive protein

CVD:

cardiovascular disease

HDL-C:

HDL cholesterol

LDL-C:

LDL cholesterol

PAI-1:

plasminogen activator inhibitor-1

RR:

relative risk, risk ratio

tPA:

tissue plasminogen activator

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  1. Boston University School of Medicine/Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Ave., 01702-5827, Framingham, MA

    William B. Kannel

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  1. William B. Kannel
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Correspondence to William B. Kannel.

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Kannel, W.B. Overview of hemostatic factors involved in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Lipids 40, 1215–1220 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-005-1488-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-005-1488-8

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