Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effects of a diet high in plant sterols, vegetable proteins, and viscous fibers (dietary portfolio) on circulating sterol levels and red cell fragility in hypercholesterolemic subjects

  • Articles
  • Published:
Lipids

Abstract

Plant sterols, soy proteins, viscous fibers, and nuts are advised for cholesterol reduction, but their combined effect on plant sterol absorption has never been tested. We assessed their combined action on serum sterols in hyperlipidemic subjects who were following low-saturated fat diets before starting the study and who returned to these diets post-test. The 1-mon test (combination) diet was high in plant sterols (1 g/1,000 kcal), soy protein (23 g/1,000 kcal), viscous fiber (9 g/1,000 kcal), and almonds (14 g/1000 kcal). Fasting blood was obtained for serum lipids and sterols, and erythrocytes were obtained for fragility prior to and at 2-wk intervals during the study. The combination diet raised serum campesterol concentrations by 50% and β-sitosterol by 27%, although these changes were not significant after Bonferroni correction; near-maximal rises were found by the end of the first week, but no change was found in red cell fragility despite a 29% reduction in the LDL cholesterol level. No significant associations were observed between changes in red cell fragility and blood lipids or sterols. We conclude that plant sterols had a minimal impact on serum sterol concentrations or red cell fragility in hyperlipidemic subjects on diets that greatly reduced their serum lipids.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Jones, P.J., Ntanios, F.Y., Raeini-Sarjaz, M., and Vanstone, C.A. (1999) Cholesterol-Lowering Efficacy of a Sitostanol-Containing Phytosterol Mixture with a Prudent Diet in Hyperlipidemic Men, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 69, 1144–1150.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Miettinen, T.A., Puska, P., Gylling, H., Vanhanen, H., and Vartiainen, E. (1995) Reduction of Serum Cholesterol with Sitostanol-Ester Margarine in a Mildly Hypercholesterolemic Population, N. Engl. J. Med. 333, 1308–1312.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Lees, A.M., Mok, H.Y., Lees, R.S., McCluskey, M.A., and Grundy, S.M. (1977) Plant Sterols as Cholesterol-Lowering Agents: Clinical Trials in Patients with Hypercholesterolemia and Studies of Sterol Balance, Atherosclerosis 28, 325–338.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Law, M. (2000) Plant Sterol and Stanol Margarines and Health, Br. Med. J. 320, 861–864.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Ratnayake, W.M., L'Abbe, M.R., Mueller, R., Hayward, S., Plouffe, L., Hollywood, R., and Trick, K. (2000) Vegetable Oils High in Phytosterols Make Erythrocytes Less Deformable and Shorten the Life Span of Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats, J. Nutr. 130, 1166–1178.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Jenkins, D.J., Kendall, C.W., Faulkner, D., Vidgen, E., Trautwein, E.A., Parker, T.L., Marchie, A., Koumbridis, G., Lapsley, K.G., Josse, R.G., et al. (2002) A Dietary Portfolio Approach to Cholesterol Reduction: Combined Effects of Plant Sterols, Vegetable Proteins, and Viscous Fibers in Hypercholesterolemia, Metabolism 51, 1596–1604.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Jenkins, D.J., Kendall, C.W., Marchie, A., Faulkner, D.A., Wong, J.M., de Souza, R., Emam, A., Parker, T.L., Vidgen, E., Lapsley, K.G., et al. (2003) Effects of a Dietary Portfolio of Cholesterol-Lowering Foods vs Lovastatin on Serum Lipids and C-Reactive Protein, JAMA 290, 502–510.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Jenkins, D.J., Wolever, T.M., Rao, A.V., Hegele, R.A., Mitchell, S.J., Ransom, T.P., Boctor, D.L., Spadafora, P.J., Jenkins, A.L., and Mehling, C. (1993) Effect on Blood Lipids of Very High Intakes of Fiber in Diets Low in Saturated Fat and Cholesterol, N. Engl. J. Med. 329, 21–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (1998) Food Labeling: Health Claims: Soluble Fiber from Certain Foods and Coronary Heart Disease, FDA, Rockville, MD, Docket No. 96P-0338.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Anderson, J.W., Allgood, L.D., Lawrence, A., Altringer, L.A., Jerdack, G.R., Hengehold, D.A., and Morel, J.G. (2000) Cholesterol-Lowering Effects of Psyllium Intake Adjunctive to Diet Therapy in Men and Women with Hypercholesterolemia: Meta-analysis of 8 Controlled Trials, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71, 472–479.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Brown, L., Rosner, B., Willett, W.W., and Sacks, F.M. (1999) Cholesterol-Lowering Effects of Dietary Fiber: A Meta-analysis, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 69, 30–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Anderson, J.W., Johnstone, B.M., and Cook-Newell, M.E. (1995) Meta-analysis of the Effects of Soy Protein Intake on Serum Lipids, N. Engl. J. Med. 333, 276–282.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (1999) FDA Final Rule for Food Labelling: Health Claims: Soy Protein and Coronary Heart Disease, Fed. Regist. 64, 57699–57733.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (2001) Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III), JAMA 285, 2486–2497.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Lipid Research Clinics (1982) Population Studies Data Book. Volume II: The Prevalence Study-Nutrient Intake, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Publication no. (NIH) 82-2014.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Jones, P.J., Raeini-Sarjaz, M., Ntanios, F.Y., Vanstone, C.A., Feng, J.Y., and Parsons, W.E. (2000) Modulation of Plasma Lipid Levels and Cholesterol Kinetics by Phytosterol Versus Phytostanol Esters, J. Lipid Res. 41, 697–705.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Lipid Research Clinics (1982) Manual of Laboratory Operations: Lipid and Lipoprotein Analysis, revised, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Publication no. (NIH) 75-678.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Warnick, G.R., Benderson, J., and Albers, J.J. (1982) Dextran Sulfate-Mg2+ Precipitation Procedure for Quantitation of High-Density-Lipoprotein Cholesterol, Clin. Chem. 28, 1379–1388.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Friedewald, W.T., Levy, R.I., and Fredrickson, D.S. (1972) Estimation of the Concentration of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Plasma, Without Use of the Preparative Ultracentrifuge, Clin. Chem. 18, 499–502.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Fink, P.C., Romer, M., Haeckel, R., Fateh-Moghadam, A., Delanghe, J., Gressner, A.M., and Dubs, R.W. (1989) Measurement of Proteins with the Behring Nephelometer. A Multicentre Evaluation, J. Clin. Chem. Biochem. 27, 261–276.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Naito, Y., Konishi, C., and Ohara, N. (2000) Blood Coagulation and Osmolar Tolerance of Erythrocytes in Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats Given Rapeseed Oil or Soybean Oil as the Only Dietary Fat, Toxicol. Lett. 117, 209–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. The Agricultural Research Service (1992) Composition of Foods, Agriculture Handbook No. 8. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Association of Official Analytical Chemists (1980) AOAC Official Methods of Analysis, AOAC, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Cunnane, S.C., Hamadeh, M.J., Liede, A.C., Thompson, L.U., Wolever, T.M., and Jenkins, D.J. (1995) Nutritional Attributes of Traditional Flaxseed in Healthy Young Adults, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 61, 62–68.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Anderson, J.W., and Bridges, S.R. (1988) Dietary Fiber Content of Selected Foods, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 47, 440–447.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. SAS Institute (1997) SAS/STAT User's Guide, edn. 6.12, SAS Institute, Cary, NC.

    Google Scholar 

  27. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2001) Food Labeling: Health Claims; Soluble Fiber from Whole Oats and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease, pp. 15343–15344, FDA, Rockville, MD, Docket No. 95P-0197.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Olson, B.H., Anderson, S.M., Becker, M.P., Anderson, J.W., Hunninghake, D.B., Jenkins, D.J., LaRosa, J.C., Rippe, J.M., Roberts, D.C., Stoy, D.B., et al. Psyllium-Enriched Cereals Lower Blood Total Cholesterol and LDL Cholesterol, but Not HDL Cholesterol, in Hypercholesterolemic Adults: Results of a Meta-analysis, J. Nutr. 127, 1973–1980.

  29. Jenkins, D.J., Kendall, C.W., Marchie, A., Parker, T.L., Connelly, P.W., Qian, W., Haight, J.S., Faulker, D., Vidgen, E., Lapsley, K.G., and Spiller, G.A. (2002) Dose Response of Almonds on Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors: Blood Lipids, Oxidized Low-Density Lipoproteins, Lipoprotein(a), Homocysteine, and Pulmonary Nitric Oxide: A Randomized, Controlled, Crossover Trial, Circulation 106, 1327–1332.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Spiller, G.A., Jenkins, D.A., Bosello, O., Gates, J.E., Cragen, L.N., and Bruce, B. (1998) Nuts and Plasma Lipids: An Almond-Based Diet Lowers LDL-C While Preserving HDL-C, J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 17, 285–290.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Jenkins, D.J., Kendall, C.W., Popovich, D.G., Vidgen, E., Mehling, C.C., Vuksan, V., Ransom, T.P., Rao, A.V., Rosenberg-Zand, R., Tariq, N., et al. (2001) Effect of a Very-High-Fiber Vegetable, Fruit, and Nut Diet on Serum Lipids and Colonic Function, Metabolism 50, 494–503.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. International Committee for Standardization in Haematology (1971) Recommended Methods for Radioisotope Red-Cell Survival Studies. A Report by the ICSH Panel on Diagnostic Applications of Radioisotopes in Haematology, Br. J. Haematol. 21, 241–250.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Goodman, J.W., and Smith, L.H. (1961) Erythrocyte Life Span in Normal Mice and in Radiation Bone Marrow Chimeras, Am. J. Physiol. 200, 764–770.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Ketomaki, A.M., Gylling, H., Antikainen, M., Siimes, M.A., and Miettinen, T.A. (2003) Red Cell and Plasma Plant Sterols Are Related During Consumption of Plant Stanol and Sterol Ester Spreads in Children with Hypercholesterolemia, J. Pediatr. 142, 524–531.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Young, L.E., Izzo, M.J., and Platzer, R.F. (1951) Hereditary Spherocytosis, I. Clinical, Hematologic and Genetic Features in 28 Cases, with Particular Reference to the Osmotic and Mechanical Fragility of Incubated Erythrocytes, Blood 6, 1073.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada

    Peter J. Jones & Mahmoud Raeini-Sarjaz

  2. Clinical Nutrition & Risk Factor Modification Center, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    David J. A. Jenkins, Cyril W. C. Kendall, Edward Vidgen, Augustine Marchie & Stephen C. Cunnane

  3. Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    David J. A. Jenkins & Philip W. Connelly

  4. Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, M5S 3E2, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    David J. A. Jenkins, Cyril W. C. Kendall, Edward Vidgen & Augustine Marchie

  5. Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, M5S 3E2, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    David J. A. Jenkins

  6. Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, M5S 3E2, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Philip W. Connelly

  7. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, M5S 3E2, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Philip W. Connelly

  8. Univer Health Institute, Unilever R&D, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands

    Elke A. Trautwein

  9. The Almond Board of California, 95354, Modesto, California

    Karen G. Lapsley

Authors
  1. Peter J. Jones
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mahmoud Raeini-Sarjaz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. David J. A. Jenkins
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Cyril W. C. Kendall
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Edward Vidgen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Elke A. Trautwein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Karen G. Lapsley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Augustine Marchie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Stephen C. Cunnane
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Philip W. Connelly
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to David J. A. Jenkins.

About this article

Cite this article

Jones, P.J., Raeini-Sarjaz, M., Jenkins, D.J.A. et al. Effects of a diet high in plant sterols, vegetable proteins, and viscous fibers (dietary portfolio) on circulating sterol levels and red cell fragility in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Lipids 40, 169–174 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-005-1372-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-005-1372-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation