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Cobalt-induced oxidative stress causes growth inhibition associated with enhanced lipid peroxidation and activates antioxidant responses in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) leaves

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Abstract

The effect of 100 μM cobalt (Co) on plant growth and on biochemical parameters indicative of oxidative stress was investigated in a hydroponic experiment. The responses of antioxidant enzymes and compounds of the ascorbate–glutathione (AsA–GSH) cycle were also assessed on the hyperaccumulating plant, Indian mustard (Brasssica juncea L.). The effect of excess Co was associated with a significant increase in the levels of proline, carbonylated protein, malondialdehyde, superoxide anion (O ·−2 ), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and resulted in the accumulation of Co. Co toxicity was associated with an increase in the volume of palisade and spongy cells, and a reduction in the number of chloroplasts per cell. Co-induced cell death was characterized by DNA fragmentation and a 36 kDa DNase activity. Despite decreased catalase activity, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and AsA–GSH cycle-related enzymes including monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase exhibited remarkable induction under Co stress. Furthermore, the contents of reduced and oxidized forms of ascorbate and glutathione were significantly increased with Co supplementation. Co treatment led to the activation of 44 and 46 kDa mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and indicated the role of the MAPK cascade in transducing Co-mediated signals. The present results suggest that excess Co reduces seedling growth by inducing oxidative stress related to lipid peroxidation and overproduction of O ·−2 and H2O2. The stimulated activities of antioxidative enzymes and induction of MAPKs did not reverse the oxidative stress caused by Co-induced reactive oxygen species generation in Indian mustard seedlings.

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Abbreviations

AA:

Reduced ascorbate

AsA–GSH:

Ascorbate–glutathione cycle

CAT:

Catalase

DHA:

Oxidized ascorbate

DHAR:

Dehydroascorbate reductase

GR:

Glutathione reductase

GSH:

Reduced glutathione

GSSG:

Oxidized glutathione

LP:

Lipid peroxidation

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

MBP:

Myelin basic protein

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

MDHAR:

Monodehydroascorbate reductase

O ·−2 :

Superoxide anion

OH·:

Hydroxyl radical

PAGE:

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

PCD:

Programmed cell death

POX:

Peroxidase

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

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Acknowledgments

Mrs. Sathiya Karuppanapandian is gratefully acknowledged for assistance in conducting the experiments. This work was financially supported by a Korea University Grant.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 136713, Republic of Korea

    Thirupathi Karuppanapandian & Wook Kim

  2. Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 50250, Bet-Dagan, Israel

    Thirupathi Karuppanapandian

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  1. Thirupathi Karuppanapandian
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  2. Wook Kim
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Correspondence to Wook Kim.

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Communicated by Z. Miszalski.

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Karuppanapandian, T., Kim, W. Cobalt-induced oxidative stress causes growth inhibition associated with enhanced lipid peroxidation and activates antioxidant responses in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) leaves. Acta Physiol Plant 35, 2429–2443 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-013-1277-y

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