Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) and their additives are a major concern to the environment and public health due to their toxicity. MPs originate from different categories of plastics, namely polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The removal of MPs and their additives including bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol (NP), and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) has been a major challenge. Recently, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been demonstrated to be more effective for the removal of MPs and their additives than traditional methods. Meanwhile, there are still limited studies on the application AOPs for their remediation. Consequently, there is a need for more investigation on the remediation of MPs and their additives. This review investigates the degradation of common MPs (PE, PS, PVC, and PET) and their additives (NP, BPA, and TBBPA) using AOPs including photocatalysis (PC), (electrocatalysis) photoelectrocatalysis (PEC), electro-Fenton (EF), and sonocatalysis. In-depth analyses reveal reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a driving force for the efficiency of AOPs. The complete removal of environmental MPs and their additives is quite promising with the AOPs.
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(Adapted from reference (Chen et al. 2019) with permission from Elsevier)
(Adapted from reference (Miao et al. 2020) with permission from Elsevier)
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Acknowledgements
Dr. Omorogie and Prof. Dr. Helmreich gratefully appreciate German Research Foundation, Deutsche forschungsgemeinschaft-The World Academy of Sciences (DFG-TWAS), for postdoctoral fellowship that supported this research, which was tenable at the Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Garching, Germany. Redeemer’s University (RUN), Ede, Nigeria, is appreciated for research leave. Veritas University, Abuja, Nigeria, is acknowledged for collaborative research work.
Funding
The Authors thank the German Research Foundation, Deutsche forschungsgemeinschaft-The World Academy of Sciences (DFG-TWAS), for the financial support (postdoctoral fellowship) of Dr. Martins O. Omorogie (HE-2413/7–1) at the Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Garching, Germany.
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KIJ wrote the original draft of this manuscript, and reviewed, revised, edited, and analyzed the data in this manuscript. MOO conceptualized the idea in this manuscript, supervised the writing and the revision of this original draft of this manuscript, wrote this manuscript, and reviewed, revised, edited, and analyzed the data in this manuscript. He got funding for this research. AAB reviewed and edited the data in this manuscript. ATA reviewed, edited, and analyzed the data in this manuscript. BH edited the original draft of this manuscript, revised this original draft of this manuscript, wrote this manuscript, and reviewed, revised, and analyzed the data in this manuscript. She got funding for this research.
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John, K.I., Omorogie, M.O., Bayode, A.A. et al. Environmental microplastics and their additives—a critical review on advanced oxidative techniques for their removal. Chem. Pap. 77, 657–676 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-022-02505-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-022-02505-5