Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Influence of Sleeve Gastrectomy on Several Experimental Models of Obesity: Metabolic and Hormonal Implications

  • Published:
Obesity Surgery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background

Ghrelin is an important factor in the regulation of intake. Most ghrelin is synthesized in the gastric fundus, but this is not the only location. The aim of this experimental study was to analyze the effect of sleeve gastrectomy (removing fundus) on the volume of intake in four experimental models and determine how this relates to changes in weight, plasmatic levels of glycemia, ghrelin, GLP-1, and insulin.

Methods

Sleeve gastrectomy was performed on four experimental models: (1) non-obesity; (2) exogenous obesity caused by excessive calorie intake; (3) genetically determined obesity (Zucker rats); and (4) genetically determined obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (Zucker diabetic fatty; ZDF rats). Model 2 had a control group on which sleeve gastrectomy was not performed.

Results

In the non-obese group, there were few changes after intervention, but in model 2, sleeve gastrectomy led to normalization of weight and endocrine–metabolic parameters that were the same as those for non-obese rats. The exception was for GLP-1, which has an anorexigenic effect: GLP-1 remained higher. In Zucker rats, sleeve gastrectomy had a slight effect on all parameters. In ZDF rats, sleeve gastrectomy led to a reduction in intake and a stabilization of weight.

Conclusions

Sleeve gastrectomy is a very good option for exogenous obesity. Normalization of hormonal levels led us to find an extragastric ghrelin production.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Heung Man L, Guiyun W, Englander E, Kojima M, Greeley G. Ghrelin, a new gastrointestinal endocrine peptide that stimulates insulin secretion: enteric distribution, ontogeny, influence of endocrine, and dietary manipulations. Endocrinology 2002;143(1):185–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Kojima M, Hosoda H, Date Y, Nakazato M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K. Ghrelin is a growth hormone releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature 1999;402:656–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Tena-Sempere M, Barreiro ML, González LC, Gaytan F, Zhang FP, Caminos JE, et al. Novel expression and functional role of ghrelin in rat testis. Endocrinology 2002;143:717–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Shiiya T, Nakazato M, Mizuta M, Date Y. Plasma ghrelin levels in lean and obese humans and the effect of glucose on secretion. J Endocrinol Metab 2002;87(1):240–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Otto B, Cuntz U, Fruehauf E, Wawarta R. Weight gain decreases elevated plasma ghrelin concentrations of patients with anorexia nerviosa. Eur J Endocrinol 2001;145(5):669–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. English PJ, Ghatei MA, Malik IA, Bloom SR. Food fails to suppress ghrelin levels in obese humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87(6):2984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Balks HJ, Holst JJ, Von zur Muhlen A, Brabant G. Rapid oscillations in plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in humans: cholinergic control of GLP-1 secretion via muscarinic receptors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:786–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Kieffer TJ, McIntosh CH, Pederson RA. Degradation of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and truncated glucagon-like peptide-1 in vitro and in vivo by dipeptidyl peptidase IV. Endocrinology 1995;136:3585–96.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Fehmann HC, Goke R, Goke BB. Cell and molecular biology of the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulin-releasing polypeptide. Endocr Rev 1995;16:390–410.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Gutniack M, Orskov C, Holst JJ. Antidiabetogenic effect of GLP-1 amide in normal subjects and patients with diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1992;326:1316–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Ahren B, Simonsson E, Larsson H, Landin-Olsson M, Torgeirsson H, Jansson PA. Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV improves metabolic control over a 4-week study period in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002;25:869–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Gutzwiller JP, Drewe J, Goke B, Schmidt H, Rorer B, Lareida J, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 promotes satiety and reduces foodintake in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. Am J Physiol 1999;276:R1541–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Baltasar A, Serra C, Pérez N, Bou R, Bengochea M, Ferri L. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: a multipurpose bariatric operation. Obes Surg 2005;15:1124–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Gagner M, Rogula T. Laparoscopic reoperative sleeve gastrectomy for poor weight loss after biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch. Obes Surg 2003;13:649–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Ren CJ, Patterson E, Gagner M. Early results of laparoscopic biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch: a case series of 40 consecutive patients. Obes Surg 2000;10:514–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Almogy G, Crookes PF, Anthone GJ. Longitudinal gastrectomy as a treatment for the high risk superobese patient. Obes Surg 2004;14:492–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Cummings D, Weigle D, Frayo R, Breen P, Ma M, Dellinger E, et al. Plasma ghrelin levels after diet induced weight loss or gastric bypass surgery. N Engl J Med 2002;346:1623–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Rubino F, Gagner M. Weight loss and plasma ghrelin levels. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1379–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Stoeckli R, Chanda R, Langer I, Keller U. Changes of body weight and ghrelin plasma levels after gastric banding and gastric bypass. Obes Res 2004;12:346–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Leonetti F, Silecchia G, Iacobellis G, Ribaudo MC, Zappaterreno A, Tiberti C, et al. Different plasma ghrelin levels after laparoscopic gastric bypass and adjustable gastric banding in morbid obese subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:4227–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Adami GF, Cordera R, Andraghetti G, Camerini GB, Marinari G, Scopinaro N. Changes in serum ghrelin concentration following biliopancreatic diversion for obesity. Obes Res 2004;12:684–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Langer F, Reza M, Bohdjalian A, Felberbauer F, Zacherl J, Wenzl E, et al. Sleeve gastrectomy and gastric banding: effects on plasma ghrelin levels. Obes Surg 2005;15:1024–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Morinigo R, Moize V, Musri M, Lacy AM, Navarro S, Marín JL, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1, Peptide YY, Hunger and satiety after gastric bypass surgery in morbidly obese subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91(5):1735–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Huda M, Wilding J, Pinkney J. Gut peptides and the regulation of appetite. Obes Rev 2006;7:163–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Tomasik PJ, Sztefko K, Starzyk J. Cholecystokinin, glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide and glucagon-like peptide 1 secretion in children with anorexia nervosa and simple obesity. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2004;17:1623–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Lugari R, Dei Cas A, Ugolotti D, Barilli AL, Camellini C, Ganzerla GC. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion and plasma dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) activity in morbidly obese patients undergoing biliopancreeatic diversion. Horm Metab Res 2004;36:111–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Llado I, Rodriguez S, Pujol E, Monjo M, Estrany E, Roca P, et al. Gender effects on adrenergic receptors expression and lipolysis in white adipose tissue of rats. Obes Res 2002;10:296–305.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Deitel M, Greenstein R. Recommendations for reporting weight loss. Obes Surg 2003;13:159–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Baltasar A, Serra C, Pérez N, Bou R, Bengochea M, Ferri L. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: a multipurpose bariatric operation. Obes Surg 2005;15:1124–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Thirlby R, Randall J. A genetic obesity risk index for patients with morbid obesity. Obes Surg 2002;12:25–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Adelman R, Holliday M. Improved growth in growth retarded uremic rats with use of calorie supplementation. Clin Nephrol 1977;8(1):298–303.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Pories J, Swanson S, MacDonald K. Who would have thought it: an operative proves to be the most effective therapy for adult onset diabetes mellitus. Ann Surg 1995;222:339–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Greenway S, Greenway F, Klein S. Effects of obesity surgery on non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Arch Surg 2002;137:1109–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Tokuyama Y, Sturis J, DePaoli AM, Takeda J, Stoffel M, Tang J, et al. Evolution of beta-cell dysfunction in the male Zucker diabetic fatty rat. Diabetes 1995 Dec;44(12):1447–57.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Cohen R, Uzzan B, Bihan H, Khochtali I, Reach G, Catheline JM. Ghrelin levels and sleeve gastrectomy in super-super-obesity. Obes Surg 2005;15:1501–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Otto B, Cuntz U, Fruehauf E, Wawarta R. Weight gain decreases elevated plasma ghrelin concentrations of patients with anorexia nerviosa. Eur J Endocrinol 2001;145(5):669–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Stoeckli R, Chanda R, Langer I, Keller U. Changes of body weight and ghrelin plasma levels after gastric banding and gastric bypass. Obes Res 2004;12:346–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Adami GF, Cordera R, Andraghetti G, Camerini GB, Marinari G, Scopinaro N. Changes in serum ghrelin concentration following biliopancreatic diversion for obesity. Obes Res 2004;12:684–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Adami G, Cordera R, Marinari G, Lamerini G, Andraghetti G, Scopinaro N. Plasma ghrelin levels in short term following biliopancreatic diversion. Obes Surg 2003;13:889–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Holdstock C, Engstrom BE, Ohrvall M, Lind L, Sundbom M, Karlsson FA. Ghrelin and adipose tissue regulatory peptides: effect of gastric bypass surgery in obese humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:3177–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Rubino F, Zizzari P, Tomasetto C, Bluett M, Forgione A, Vix M, et al. The role of the small bowel in the regulation of circulating Ghrelin levels and food intake in the obese Zucker rat. Endocrinology 2005;146:1745.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Verdig C, Toubro S, Buemann B, Lysgard MJ, Juul HJ, Astrp A. The role of postprandrial releases of Insulin and incretin hormones in meal-induced satiety—effect of obesity and weight reduction. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001;25:1206–14.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Berghofer P, Peterson RG, Schneider K, Fehmann HC, Goke B. Incretin hormone expression in the gut of diabetic mice and rats. Metabolism 1997;46(3):261–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Adam T, Lejeune M, Westerterp-Plantenga M. Nutrient-stimulated glucagon-like peptide 1 release after body weight loss and weight maintenance in human subjects. Br J Nutr 2006;95(1):160–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Le Roux C, Aylwin S, Batterham R, Borg C, Coyle F, Prasad V, et al. Gut hormones profiles following bariatric surgery favor an anorectic state, facilitate weight loss, and improve metabolic parameters. Ann Surg 2006;243(1):104–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Valverde I, Puente J, Martín-Duce A, Molina L, Lozano O, Sancho V, et al. Changes in glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion after biliopancreatic diversion or vertical banded gastroplasty in obese subjects. Obes Surg 2005;15:387–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Rubino F, Gagner M. Potential of surgery for curing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Surg 2002;236(5):554–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Kellum JM, Kuemmerle MD, Dorisio TM, Engle RN, Wolf MA. Gastrointestinal hormone responses to meals before and after gastric bypass and vertical banded gastroplasty. Ann Surg 1990;211(6):763–77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Caro J. Clinical review 26: insulin resistance in obese and nonobese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;73:691–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Charles Rives Laboratories® for the information about the standard anthropometric values of the different rat models.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Surgery Department, Sant Joan University Hospital, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Tarragona, 43202, Spain

    Fàtima Sabench Pereferrer, Mercè Hernàndez Gonzàlez, Santiago Blanco Blasco, Antonio Morandeira Rivas & Daniel del Castillo Déjardin

  2. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Endocrinologic Pediatric Unit, Sant Joan University Hospital, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Tarragona, Spain

    Albert Feliu Rovira

Authors
  1. Fàtima Sabench Pereferrer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mercè Hernàndez Gonzàlez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Albert Feliu Rovira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Santiago Blanco Blasco
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Antonio Morandeira Rivas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Daniel del Castillo Déjardin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Daniel del Castillo Déjardin.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Sabench Pereferrer, F., Hernàndez Gonzàlez, M., Feliu Rovira, A. et al. Influence of Sleeve Gastrectomy on Several Experimental Models of Obesity: Metabolic and Hormonal Implications. OBES SURG 18, 97–108 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-007-9351-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-007-9351-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation