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Innate and adaptive T cells in influenza disease

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Abstract

Influenza is a major global health problem, causing infections of the respiratory tract, often leading to acute pneumonia, life-threatening complications and even deaths. Over the last seven decades, vaccination strategies have been utilized to protect people from complications of influenza, especially groups at high risk of severe disease. While current vaccination regimens elicit strain-specific antibody responses, they fail to generate cross-protection against seasonal, pandemic and avian viruses. Moreover, vaccines designed to generate influenza-specific T-cell responses are yet to be optimized. During natural infection, viral replication is initially controlled by innate immunity before adaptive immune responses (T cells and antibody-producing B cells) achieve viral clearance and host recovery. Adaptive T and B cells maintain immunological memory and provide protection against subsequent infections with related influenza viruses. Recent studies also shed light on the role of innate T-cells (MAIT cells, γδ cells, and NKT cells) in controlling influenza and linking innate and adaptive immune mechanisms, thus making them attractive targets for vaccination strategies. We summarize the current knowledge on influenza-specific innate MAIT and γδ T cells as well as adaptive CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, and discuss how these responses can be harnessed by novel vaccine strategies to elicit cross-protective immunity against different influenza strains and subtypes.

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Acknowledgements

SS is a recipient of the Victoria India Doctoral Scholarship and Melbourne International Fee Remission Scholarship (MIFRS), University of Melbourne. MK and SN are supported by Melbourne International Research Scholarships (MIRS) and MIFRS. KK is supported by the NHMRC Program Grant (ID 1071916) and the NHMRC Senior Research Fellowship Level B. The WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza is supported by the Australian Government Department of Health.

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  1. These authors are equal first-authors.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia

    Simone Nüssing, Sneha Sant, Marios Koutsakos, Kanta Subbarao, Thi H. O. Nguyen & Katherine Kedzierska

  2. World Health Organisation (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, 3000, Victoria, Australia

    Kanta Subbarao

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  1. Simone Nüssing
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Correspondence to Thi H. O. Nguyen or Katherine Kedzierska.

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Nüssing, S., Sant, S., Koutsakos, M. et al. Innate and adaptive T cells in influenza disease. Front. Med. 12, 34–47 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-017-0606-8

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