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Toll-like receptors in innate immunity and infectious diseases

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Abstract

The protective ability of host defense system is largely dependent on germ-line encoded pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). These PRRs respond to a variety of exogenous pathogens or endogenous danger signals, by recognizing some highly conserved structures such as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger/damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). The most studied PRRs are Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Activation of TLRs triggers production of inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons (IFNs) via myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)-dependent or -independent signaling respectively, thereby modulating innate and adaptive immunity, as well as inflammatory responses. This review introduces the classification, structure, and specific ligands of TLRs, and focuses on their signal pathways and biological activities, as well as clinical relevance. These studies of TLRs in the innate immune system have implications for the prevention and treatment of a variety of infectious diseases, including tuberculosis (TB), microbial keratitis, and hepatitis B and C.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, 510080, China

    Min-Hao Wu, Ping Zhang & Xi Huang

  2. Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China

    Min-Hao Wu, Ping Zhang & Xi Huang

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  1. Min-Hao Wu
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  2. Ping Zhang
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  3. Xi Huang
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Correspondence to Xi Huang.

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Wu, MH., Zhang, P. & Huang, X. Toll-like receptors in innate immunity and infectious diseases. Front. Med. China 4, 385–393 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-010-0600-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-010-0600-x

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