Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effects of application date and rate of foliar-applied glyphosate on pine seedlings in Turkey

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Forestry Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Glyphosate is the herbicide most extensively used for site preparation and conifer release. It is a broad-spectrum herbicide and therefore crop safety is a critical issue. This study assessed the early effects of 14 different treatments, including no weed control, manual weed control, and 12 foliar-applied herbicide treatments at low, intermediate, high, and highest application rates and application timing on glyphosate phytotoxicity of containerized seedlings of Austrian pine (Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold.), Scots pine (P. sylvestris L.) and maritime pine (P. pinaster Aiton), conifer species widely used for afforestation and supplementary plantings in Turkish forestry. In general, Scots pine seedlings were tolerant to glyphosate compared to the other species. Glyphosate phytotoxicity varied significantly according to the time and rate of application. Seedlings were relatively tolerant to glyphosate in April whereas they were intolerant in May. The highest herbicide rate (1.2% v:v) was consistently phytotoxic to all species. Moreover, the effect of herbicide rate on seedling survival and growth varied significantly according to application date (i.e., application rate × date interaction). Seedlings appeared tolerant to glyphosate at low and intermediate rates (0.2, 0.4% v:v) between mid-spring and mid-summer, whereas they demonstrated significant sensitivity to the highest rate across all time periods. Glyphosate at the high rate (0.8% v:v) was particularly more phytotoxic when applied in May. Application of glyphosate at rates up to 0.8% could be recommended for weed control without significant pine damage in mid-spring when the needles presumably have a dense leaf epicuticular wax layer limiting herbicide penetration. Applications of 0.8 and 1.2% v:v are not recommended during May–June.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Anfodillo T, Bisceglie DPD, Urso T (2002) Minimum cuticular conductance and cuticle features of Picea abies and Pinus cembra needles along an altitudinal gradient in the Dolomites (NE Italian Alps). Tree Physiol 22:479–487

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (2014) Ormancılık istatistikleri 2014. Orman Genel Müdürlüğü (in Turkish). http://www.ogm.gov.tr/ekutuphane/Istatistikler/Ormanc%C4%B1l%C4%B1k%20%C4%B0statistikleri/Ormanc%C4%B1l%C4%B1k%20%C4%B0statistikleri%202014.rar. Accessed 03 Mar 2016 (in Turkish)

  • Boydak M, Çalışkan S (2014) Ağaçlandırma. OGEM-VAK Ankara, Çankaya, p 714

    Google Scholar 

  • Bunn BH, Zedaker SM, Seiler JR (1995) Presoaking improves forest tree seed screening. In: Proceedings of the Southern Weed Science Society, Memphis, Tennessee, USA, pp 129–130

  • Cape JN (1983) Contact angles of water droplets on needles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) growing in polluted atmospheres. New Phytol 93:293–299

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duryea ML, Landis TD (1984) Forest nursery manual: production of bareroot seedlings. Martinus Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, p 377

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Eşen D, Yıldız O (2000) Otsu ve odunsu diri örtü mücadelesinin meşcerelerin gençleştirilmesi ve büyümesine etkileri. TBMMO or Müh Odası Der 37:28–32 (in Turkish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Eşen D, Zedaker SM (2004) Control of rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum L. and R. flavum Don.) in the eastern beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forests of Turkey. New For 27(1):69–79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eşen D, Yıldız O, Güneş N, Sargıncı M (2006) Early susceptibility of hardwood tree seedlings to different post-emergent herbicides. J Balk Ecol 9(2):161–166

    Google Scholar 

  • Eşen D, Yıldız O, Ediş S, Eşen U, Çetintaş C (2012) Düzce’de glyphosate yaprak herbisitinin genç yabani kiraz (Prunus avium L.) fidanlarına etkisi. DÜ Orman Der 8(1):50–57 (in Turkish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ezel AW, Nelson L (2001) Weed control and crop tolerance after preemergent and postemergent applications of sulfomethuron in oak (Quercus spp.) plantations. Weed Technol 15:585–589

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Genç M (2012) Silvikültürün temel prensipleri. S.D.U. Orman Fak Yayın No: 44, Isparta, p 351 (in Turkish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess FD, Foy CL (2000) Interaction of surfactants with plant surfaces. Weed Technol 14:807–813

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holloway PJ (1970) Surface factors affecting the wetting of leaves. Pestic Sci 1:156–163

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelpsas B, Newton M, Landgren C (2015) Forestry. In: Peachey E (ed) Pacific Northwest weed management handbook. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, p K-1–K-23

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirkwood RC (1999) Recent developments in our understanding of the plant cuticle as a barrier to the foliar uptake of pesticides. Pest Sci 55:69–77

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lund-Hoie K (1975) N-phosphonomethylglycine (glyphosate), an alternative to commercial pre and postemergence herbicides for the control of unwanted plant species in forest plantation in Norway. Sci Rep Agric Univ Norway 55:1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy N, O’Reilly C (2001) The Impact of herbicides on tree seedling quality. COFORD Connects Reprod Material No:1, p 4 http://www.coilltenurseries.ie/notes/herbicide_impact.pdf. Accessed 19 June 2017

  • Mitchell PB, Zedaker SM, Seiler JR, Hipkins PL, Burch PL (2006) Evaluation of rapid screening techniques for woody plant herbicide development. Weed Technol 20:971–979

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newton M, Knight F (1981) Handbook of weed and insect control chemicals for forest resource managers. Timber Press, Beaverton Oregon, p 160

    Google Scholar 

  • Osiecka A, Minogue PJ (2014) Considerations for developing effective herbicide prescriptions for forest vegetation management. FOR273, the School of Forest Resources and Conservation Department, UF/IFAS Extension, p 7, https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/FR/FR33500.pdf. Accessed 03 Mar 2016

  • Ott RL (1993) An introduction to statistical methods and analysis, 4th edn. Duxberry Press, Belmont, California, p 1051

    Google Scholar 

  • Pallardy SG (2008) Physiology of woody plants, 3rd edn. Academic Press, Amsterdam, p 454

    Google Scholar 

  • Prasad R (1989) Crop tolerance of three west coast conifer species to glyphosate. In: Reynolds PE (ed) Proceedings of the Carnation Creek Herbicide Workshop. Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, BC, Canada, pp 189–196

    Google Scholar 

  • Radosevich SR, Holt JS, Ghersa CM (2007) Ecology of weeds and invasive plants: relationship to agriculture and natural resource management, 3rd edn. Wiley, New Jersey, p 472

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ross MA, Lembi CA (1989) Applied weed science. MacMillian and Collier MacMillian, New York, p 340

    Google Scholar 

  • Saatçioğlu F (1957) Karadeniz ormanları süceyrat: Ayancık-Cangal bölgesinde mekanik metodla yapılan süceyrat mücadelesine ait 12 yıllık tecrübe denemeleri. J Faculty of Forestry Univ of Istanbul 7:69–108 (in Turkish)

    Google Scholar 

  • SAS Institute Inc (2008) SAS/STAT® 9.2 User’s guide. SAS Institute, Cary, NC, p 16

    Google Scholar 

  • Shepherd T, Griffiths DW (2006) The effects of stress on plant cuticular waxes. New Phytol 171(3):469–499

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stanley W, Zedaker S, Seiler J, Burch P (2014) Methods for rapid screening in woody plant herbicide development. Forests 5:1584–1595

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tanjung RHR (2001) Effects of glyphosate on seedlings of conifer and broadleaf trees species native to British Columbia, with particular regard to root-fungus interactıons. Ph. D. Dissertation, Simon Fraser University, Canada, p 184

  • Thompson DG, Pitt DG (2003) A review of Canadian forest vegetation management research and practice. Ann For Sci 60:559–572

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vilčinskas R, Kupčinskienė E (2012) Seasonal dynamics of histological parameters of the needles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) growing in conditions of excess ammonia. Biologija 58(1):27–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner RG, Newton M, Cole EC, Miller JH, Shiver BD (2004) The role of herbicides for enhancing productivity and conserving land for biodiversity in North America. Wildl Soc B 32(4):1028–1041

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang H, Shi H, Li Y, Zhang J (2013) Seasonal variations in leaf capturing of particulate matter, surface wettability and micromorphology in urban tree species. Front Environ Sci Eng 7(4):579–588

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang H, Shi H, Wang Y (2015) The wetting of leaf surfaces and its ecological significances. In: Aliofkhazraei M (ed) Wetting and wettability. Chapter 11. InTech Publ, Rijeka, pp 295–321

    Google Scholar 

  • Willoughby I, Clay D, Dixon F (2003) The effect of pre-emergent herbicides on germination and early growth of broadleaved species used for direct seeding. Forestry 76(1):83–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woeste KE, Seifert JR, Selig MF (2005) Evaluation of four herbicides and tillage for weed control on third-year growth of tree seedlings. Weed Sci 53:331–336

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yeiser JL, Ezell AW (2010) Split-season herbaceous weed control for full-season seedling performance. In: Stanturf JA (ed) Proceedings of the 14th biennial southern silviculture research conference general technical report SRS-121. Deptartment of Agriculture Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Asheville, NC, US, pp 131–138

  • Yildiz O, Eşen D (2006) Effects of different rhododendron control methods in eastern beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) ecosystems in the Western Black Sea Region of Turkey. Ann App Biol 149(2):235–242

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yildiz O, Sarginci M, Eşen D, JrK Cromack (2007) Effects of vegetation control on nutrient removal and Fagus orientalis Lipsky regeneration in the Western Black Sea Region of Turkey. For Ecol Manag 240(1–3):186–194

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study originated from the MSc thesis work of Mehmet Can Cap at Düzce University. We thank the Pınar Forest Nursery Management of Düzce Forest Directorate for their help in the study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Forest Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, Düzce University, Konuralp Yerleşkesi, 81620, Düzce, Turkey

    Mehmet Can Cap & Derya Eşen

Authors
  1. Mehmet Can Cap
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Derya Eşen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Derya Eşen.

Additional information

Project funding: This research was funded by the Scientific Research Project Coordinator of Düzce University (Grant number BAP-2015.02.02.303).

The online version is available at http://www.springerlink.com

Corresponding editor: Hu Yanbo.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Cap, M.C., Eşen, D. Effects of application date and rate of foliar-applied glyphosate on pine seedlings in Turkey. J. For. Res. 29, 583–591 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-017-0498-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-017-0498-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation