Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Microstructural and Mechanical Evaluation of Laser-Assisted Cold Sprayed Bio-ceramic Coatings: Potential Use for Biomedical Applications

  • Peer Reviewed
  • Published:
Journal of Thermal Spray Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Bio-composite coatings of 20 wt.%, HAP and 80 wt.%, HAP were synthesized on Ti-6Al-4V substrates using LACS technique. The coatings were produced with a laser power of 2.5 kW, powder-laser spot trailing by 5 s. The coatings were analyzed for the microstructures, microhardness, composition, and bio-corrosion using SEM-EDS, XRD, hardness tester, and Metrohm PGSTAT101 machine. SEM images indicated least pores and crack-free coating with dark-spots of Ti-HAP for the 20 wt.%, HAP as opposed to the 80 wt.%, HAP coating which was solid, porous and finely cracked and had semi-melted Ti-HAP particles. The EDS mappings showed high content of HAP for the 80 wt.%, HAP coating. The diffraction patterns were similar, even though the Ti-HAP peak was broader in the 80 wt.%, HAP coating and the HAP intensities were lower for this coating except for the (004) peak. The hardness values taken at the interface inferred that the 80 wt.%, HAP coating was least bonded. It was possible to conclude that when this phase material increased the hardness dropped considerably. The bio-corrosion tests indicated that the presence of HAP in coating leads to a kinetically active coating as opposed to pure titanium coating.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. R. Geetha, D. Durgalakshmi, and R. Asokamani, Biomedical Implants: Corrosion and its Prevention—A review, Recent Pat. Corr. Sci., 2010, 2, p 40-54

  2. M.B. Nasab and M.R. Hassan, Metallic Biomaterials of Knee and Hip: A Review, Trends Biomater. Artif. Organs., 2010, 24(1), p 69-82

    Google Scholar 

  3. R. Geetha, A.K. Singh, R. Asokamani, and A.K. Gogia, Ti Based Biomaterials, the Ultimate Choice for Orthopaedic Implants-A Review, Prog. Mater. Sci., 2009, 54, p 397-425

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. G. Zhao, L. Xia, G. Wen, L. Song, X. Wang, and K. Wu, Microstructure and Properties of Plasma-Sprayed Bio-coatings on a Low-Modulus Titanium Alloy From Milled HA/Ti Powders, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2012, 206, p 4711-4719

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. X. Zhou, R. Siman, L. Lu, and P. Mohanty, Argon Atmospheric Plasma Sprayed Hydroxyapatite/Ti Composite Coating for Biomedical Applications, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2012, 207, p 343-349

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. R. Banerjee, S. Nag, and H.L. Fraser, A Novel Combinatorial Approach to the Development of Beta Titanium Alloys for Orthopaedic Implants, Mater. Sci. Eng. C., 2005, 25, p 282-289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. S.V. Dorozhkin, Calcium Orthophosphate Coatings, Films and Layers, J. Funct. Biomater., 2012, 1, p 22-107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. M. Roy, B.V. Krishna, A. Bandyopadhyay, and S. Bose, Laser Processing of Bioactive Tricalcium Phosphate Coating on Titanium for Load-Bearing Implants, Acta Biomater., 2008, 4, p 324-333

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. S.J. Ding, C.P. Ju, and J.H. Lin, Characterization of Hydroxyapatite and Titanium Coatings Sputtered on Ti-6Al-4V Substrate, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 1999, 44(3), p 266-279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. S.V. Dorozhkin, Calcium Orthophosphate Coatings, Films and Layers, J. Funct. Biomater., 2012, 1, p 1-40

    Google Scholar 

  11. S. Nag, S.R. Paital, P. Nandawana, K. Mahdak, Y.H. Ho, H.D. Vora, R. Banerjee, and N.B. Dahotre, Laser Deposited Biocompatible Ca-P Coatings on Ti-6Al-4V: Microstructural Evolution and Thermal Modelling, Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 2013, 33, p 165-173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. I-S. Lee, C-N. Chang, H-E. Kim, J-C. Park, J.H. Song, and S-R. Kim, Various Ca/P Ratios of Thin Calcium Phosphate Films, Mater. Sci. Eng. C., 2002, 22, p 15-20

  13. M. Tlotleng, E. Akinlabi, M. Shukla, and S. Pityana, Microstructures, Hardness and Bioactivity of Hydroxyapatite Coatings Deposited by Direct Laser Melting Process, J. Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 2014, 43, p 189-198

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. D. Liu, K. Savino, and M.Z. Yates, Coating of Hydroxyapatite Films on Metal Substrates by Seeded Hydrothermal Deposition, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2011, 205, p 3975-3986

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. R. Sultana, J. Yang, and X. Hu, Deposition of Micro-Porous Hydroxyapatite/Tri-Calcium Phosphate Coating on Zirconia-Based Substrate, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 2012, 95(4), p 1212-1215

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. G.J. Cheng, D. Pirzada, M. Cai, P. Mohanty, and A. Bandyopadhyay, Biocermic Coating of Hydroxyapatite on Titanium Substrate with Nd:YAG Laser, Mater. Sci. Eng. C., 2005, 25, p 541-547

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. D.G. Wang, C.Z. Chen, J. Ma, and G. Zhang, In Situ Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite Coating by Laser Cladding, Colloids Surf., B., 2008, 66, p 155-162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. S.V. Dorozhkin, Calcium Orthophosphate Coatings, Films and Layers, Prog. Biomater., 2010, 1(1), p 1-40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. M. Roy, A. Bandyopadhyay, and S. Bose, Induction Plasma Sprayed Nano Hydroxyapatite Coatings on Titanium for Orthopaedic and Dental Implants, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2008, 205(8-9), p 2785-2792

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. D.J. Blackwood and K.H.W. Seah, Electrochemical Cathodic Deposition of Hydroxyapatite: Improvements in Adhesion and Crystallinity, Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 2009, 29, p 1233-1238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. D.-M. Liu, Q. Yang, and T. Troczynski, Sol-Gel Hydroxyapatite Coatings on Stainless Steel Substrates, Biomaterials, 2002, 23, p 691-698

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. V. Kokenyesi, I. Popovich, M. Kikineshi, L. Daroczi, D. Beke, Y. Sharkany, and C.S. Hegedus, Preparation of Calcium Phosphate Coatings on Titanium by Pulse Nd:YAG Laser Processing, Opto-Electro. Adv. Mater. Rapid. Commun., 2007, 1(4), p 171-175

    Google Scholar 

  23. R.A. Ismail, E.T. Salim, and W.K. Hamoudi, Characterization of Nanostructured Hydroxyapatite Prepared by Nd:YAG Laser Deposition, Mater. Sci. Eng. C., 2013, 33, p 47-52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. D. Wang, C. Chen, J. Ma, and T. Lei, Microstructure of Yttric Calcium Phosphate Bioceramic Coatings Synthesized by Laser Cladding, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2007, 253, p 4016-4020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. C.S. Chien, T.J. Han, T.F. Hong, T.Y. Kuo, and T.Y. Liao, Effects of Different Binders on Microstructure and Phase Composition of Hydroxyapatite Nd-YAG Laser Clad Coatings, Mater. Trans., 2009, 50(12), p 2852-2857

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. K.A. Gross and C.C. Berndt, Thermal Processing of Hydroxyapatite for Coating Production, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 1998, 39(4), p 580-587

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. A. Choudhuri, P.S. Mohaunty, and J. Karthikeyan, Bio-ceramic Composite Coatings by Cold Spray Technology, Thermal Spraying, 2009, p 391-396

  28. X. Zhou and P. Mohanty, Electrochemical Behaviour of Cold Sprayed Hydroxyapatite/Titanium Composite in Hanks’ Solution, Electrochim. Acta, 2012, 65, p 134-140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. M.R. Mansur, J. Wang, and C.C. Berndt, Microstructure, Composition and Hardness of Laser-Assisted Hydroxyapatite and Ti-6Al-4V Composite Coatings, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2013, 232, p 482-488

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. C.S. Chien, T.F. Hong, T.J. Han, T.Y. Kuo, and T.Y. Liao, Effects of Different Binders on Microstructure and Phase Composition of Hydroxyapatite Nd-YAG Laser Clad Coatings, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2011, 257(6), p 2387-2393

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. M. Bray, A. Cockburn, and W. O’Neill, The Laser-Assisted Cold Sprayed Process and Deposition Characterisation, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2009, 203, p 2851-2857

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. E.O. Olakanmi, M. Tlotleng, C. Meacock, S. Pityana, and M. Doyoyo, Deposition Mechanism and Microstructure of Laser-Assisted-Cold-Sprayed (LACS) Al-12 wt.%Si Coatings: Effects of Laser Power, JOM, 2013, 65(6), p 776-783

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. R. Lupoi, M. Sparkes, A. Cockburn, and W. O’Neille, High Speed Titanium Coatings by Supersonic Laser Deposition, Mater. Lett., 2011, 65, p 3205-3207

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. F.J. Brodmann, Cold Spray Process Parameters: Powders, The Cold Spray Materials Deposition Process, V.K. Champagne, Ed., Woodhead Publishing, 2007, p 105-116

  35. E.O. Olakanmi and M. Doyoyo, Laser-Assisted Cold-Sprayed Corrosion-and Wear-Resistant Coatings: A Review, J. Therm. Spray Techno, 2014, 23(5), p 765-785

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. K.A. Khor, H. Li, and P. Cheang, Significance of Melt-Fraction in HVOF Sprayed Hydroxyapatite Particles, Splats and Coatings. Biomaterials, 2004, 25(7-8), p 1177-1186

  37. W.E. Brown and E.F. Epstein, Crystallography of Tetracalcium Phosphate, J. Res. Nat. Bureau Std. A. Phys. Chem, 1965, 69(6), p 547-551

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. H. Li, K.A. Khor, and P. Cheang, Thermal Sprayed Hydroxyapatite Splats: Nanostructures Pore Formation Mechanisms and TEM Characterisation, Biomaterials, 2004, 25, p 3463-3471

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to give cognisance to the National Research Fund (NRF) and the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) of South Africa for their continued financial and resources support. Colleagues at the CSIR National Laser Centre, Laser Material Processing Group are thanked for their kindness and support, in particular Tebogo Mathebula and Khoro Malabi who helped with material preparation. Most importantly, the contribution and insightfulness of Dr. Eyitayo Olakanmi are mostly appreciated and recognized. Mr Lucas Mokwena helped with the experimental setup for that we acknowledged is generosity and willingness to assist.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laser Material Processing, National Laser Center CSIR, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa

    Monnamme Tlotleng & Sisa Pityana

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Kingsway Campus, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa

    Monnamme Tlotleng & Esther Akinlabi

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, MNNIT, Allahabad, 211004, UP, India

    Mukul Shukla

  4. Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa

    Mukul Shukla

  5. Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa

    Sisa Pityana

Authors
  1. Monnamme Tlotleng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Esther Akinlabi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mukul Shukla
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sisa Pityana
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Monnamme Tlotleng.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Tlotleng, M., Akinlabi, E., Shukla, M. et al. Microstructural and Mechanical Evaluation of Laser-Assisted Cold Sprayed Bio-ceramic Coatings: Potential Use for Biomedical Applications. J Therm Spray Tech 24, 423–435 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-014-0199-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-014-0199-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation