Abstract
The hot deformation behavior of as-cast hypoeutectic Al-Si-Mg alloy has been investigated through hot compression tests at temperatures between 573 and 773 K and the strain rate of 0.001-1 s−1. A modified Hansel-Spittel constitutive model is proposed, which takes the effect of strain rate on strain hardening into account. The processing maps are established based on the dynamic material model and the Murty criterion. Microstructure observations show that dynamic recovery dominates the dynamic softening behavior, and recrystallized grains are found in the sample tested at 773 K with strain rate of 0.01 and 0.001 s−1. The size of Si particles decreases by about 64.73% with the effective strain increasing from 0 to 1.2. The optimal hot processing parameters of as-cast hypoeutectic Al-Si-Mg alloy are established based on the processing maps.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
P. Pandee, C.M. Gourlay, S.A. Belyakov, U. Patakham, G. Zeng, and C. Limmaneevichitr, AlSi2Sc2 Intermetallic Formation in Al-7Si-0.3Mg-xSc Alloys and Their Effects on As-Cast Properties, J. Alloy. Compd., 2018, 731, p 1159–1170
B. Lin, H.Y. Li, R. Xu et al., Effects of Vanadium on Modification of Iron-Rich Intermetallics and Mechanical Properties in A356 Cast Alloys with 1.5 wt.% Fe, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2019, 28(1), p 475–484
Y. Zhang, H.L. Zheng, Y. Liu, L. Shi, R.F. Xu, and X.L. Tian, Cluster-Assisted Nucleation of Silicon Phase on Hypoeutectic Al-Si Alloy with Further Inoculation, Acta Mater., 2014, 70, p 162–173
W.D. Zhang, Y. Liu, J. Yang, J.Z. Dang, H. Xu, and Z.M. Du, Effects of Sc Content on the Microstructure of As-Cast Al-7 wt.% Si Alloys, Mater. Charact., 2012, 66, p 104–110
Z.N. Chen, H.J. Kang, G.H. Fan et al., Grain Refinement of Hypoeutectic Al-Si Alloys with B, Acta Mater., 2016, 120, p 168–178
C. Xu, F. Wang, H. Mudassar et al., Effect of Sc and Sr on the Eutectic Si Morphology and Tensile Properties of Al-Si-Mg Alloy, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2017, 26(4), p 1605–1613
P.R. Guru, F. Khan, S.K. Panigrahi et al., Enhancing Strength, Ductility and Machinability of a Al-Si Cast Alloy by Friction Stir Processing, J. Manuf. Process., 2015, 18, p 67–74
M.M. Marin, A.M. Camacho, and J.A. Pérez, Influence of the Temperature on AA6061 Aluminum Alloy in a Hot Extrusion Process, Proc. Manuf., 2017, 13, p 327–334
K.N. Campo, C.T.W. Proni, and E.J. Zoqui, Influence of the Processing Route on the Microstructure of Aluminum alloy A356 for Thixoforming, Mater. Charact., 2013, 85, p 26–37
S.C. Wang, N. Zhou, W.J. Qi, and K.H. Zheng, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of A356 Aluminum Alloy Wheels Prepared by Thixo-Forging Combined with a Low Superheat Casting Process, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc., 2014, 24(7), p 2214–2219
H.T. Zhou, S.X. Xu, W.D. Li et al., A Study of Automobile Bracket Formed by Casting-Forging Integrated Forming Technology, Mater. Des., 2015, 67, p 285–292
Y. Liu, C. Geng, Q.Q. Lin et al., Study on Hot Deformation Behavior and Intrinsic Workability of 6063 Aluminum Alloys Using 3D Processing Map, J. Alloy. Compd., 2017, 713, p 121–221
Y.C. Lin, S.C. Luo, L.X. Yin et al., Microstructural Evolution and High Temperature Flow Behaviors of a Homogenized Sr-Modified Al-Si-Mg Alloy, J. Alloy. Compd., 2018, 739, p 590–599
N. Haghdadi, A. Zarei-Hanzaki, and H.R. Abedi, The Flow Behavior Modeling of Cast A356 Aluminum Alloy at Elevated Temperature Considering the Effect of Strain, Mater. Sci. Eng. A-Struct., 2012, 535, p 252–257
Z.L. Liang and Q. Zhang, Quasi-Static Loading Responses and Constitutive Modeling of Al-Si-Mg Alloy, Metals, 2018, 838, p 1–11
Y.C. Lin, S.C. Luo, X.Y. Jiang et al., Hot Deformation Behavior of a Sr-Modified Al-Si-Mg Alloy: Constitutive Model and Processing Maps, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 2018, 28, p 592–603
N. Haghdadi, A. Zarei-Hanzaki, A.R. Khalesian et al., Artificial Neural Network Modeling to Predict the Hot Deformation Behavior of an A356 Aluminum Alloy, Mater. Des., 2013, 49, p 386–391
Y.C. Lin and X.M. Chen, A Critical Review of Experimental Results and Constitutive Descriptions for Metals and Alloys in Hot Working, Mater. Des., 2011, 32, p 1733–1759
J.Q. Tian, M. Zhan, S. Liu et al., A Modified Johnson-Cook Model for Tensile Flow Behaviors of 7050-T7451 Aluminum Alloy at High Strain Rates, Mater. Sci. Eng. A-Struct., 2015, 631, p 214–219
R.Y. Lin, Y.U. Duan, L.S. Ma et al., Flow Behavior, Dynamic Recrystallization and Processing Map of Mg-20Pb-1.6Al-0.48B Alloy, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2017, 26, p 2439–2451
N. Ravichandran and Y.V.R.K. Prasad, Dynamic Recrystallization During Hot Deformation of Aluminum: A Study using Processing Maps, Metall. Trans. A, 1991, 22(10), p 2339–2348
P.S. Robi and U.S. Dixit, Application of Neural Networks in Generating Processing Map for Hot Working, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2003, 142(1), p 289–294
R. Raj, Development of a Processing Map for Use in Warm-Forming and Hot-Forming Processes, Metall. Trans. A, 1981, 12A, p 1089–1097
Y.V.R.K. Prasad, H.L. Gegel, S.M. Doraivelu et al., Modeling of Dynamic Material Behavior in Hot Deformation-Forging of Ti-6242, Metall. Trans. A, 1984, 15, p 1883–1892
Y. Liu, W. Xiong, Q. Yang et al., Constitutive Behavior and Processing Maps of T2 Pure Copper Deformed from 293 to 1073 K, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2018, 27(4), p 1812–1824
G.X. Wang, L. Xu, Y. Wang et al., Processing Maps for Hot Working Behavior of a PM TiAl Alloy, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2011, 27(10), p 893–898
K.T. Son, M.H. Kim, S.W. Kim et al., Evaluation of Hot Deformation Characteristics in Modified AA5052 Using Processing and Activation Energy Map Under Deformation Heating, J. Alloy. Compd., 2018, 740, p 96–108
Y.H. Duan, L.S. Ma, H.R. Qi et al., Developed Constitutive Models, Processing Maps and Microstructural Evolution of Pb-Mg-10Al-0.5B Alloy, Mater. Charact., 2017, 129, p 353–366
D.Y. Cai, L.Y. Xiong, W.C. Liu et al., Characterization of Hot Deformation Behavior of a Ni-Base Superalloy Using Processing Map, Mater. Des., 2009, 30(3), p 921–925
H.E. Hu, X.Y. Wang, and L. Deng, High Temperature Deformation Behavior and Optimal Hot Processing Parameters of Al-Si Eutectic Alloy, Mater. Sci. Eng. A-Struct., 2013, 576, p 45–51
S. Gangolu, A.G. Rao, I. Sabirov, B.P. Kashyap, N. Prabhu, and V.P. Deshmukh, Development of Constitutive Relationship and Processing Map for Al-6.65Si-0.44Mg Alloy and Its Composite with B4C Particulates, Mater. Sci. Eng. A-Struct., 2016, 655, p 256–264
H.C. Liao, Y. Wu, K.X. Zhou, and J. Yang, Hot Deformation Behavior and Processing Map of Al-Mg-Si Alloys Containing Different Amount of Silicon Based on Gleebe-3500 Hot Compression Simulation, Mater. Des., 2015, 65, p 1091–1099
N. Ravichandran and Y.V.R.K. Prasad, Dynamic Recrystallization During Hot Deformation of Aluminum: A Study Using Processing Maps, Metall. Trans. A, 1991, 22(10), p 2339–2348
S.V.S. Narayana Murty and B. Nageswara Rao, On the Flow Localization Concepts in The processing Maps of Titanium Alloy Ti-24Al-20Nb, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2000, 104, p 103–109
X.W. Yang and W.Y. Li, Flow Behavior and Processing Maps of a Low-Carbon Steel During Hot Deformation, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2015, 46A, p 6052–6064
S.K. Chaudhury and D. Apelian, Effects of Rapid Heating on Aging Characteristics of T6 Tempered Al-Si-Mg Alloys Using a Fluidized Bed, J. Mater. Sci., 2006, 41(14), p 4684–4690
L.J. Colley. Microstructure-Property Models for Heat Treatment of A356 Aluminum Alloy (Ph.D. Thesisi). University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, 2011
S.W. Youn and C.G. Kang, Characterization of Age-Hardening Behavior of Eutectic Region in Squeeze-Cast A356-T6 Alloy Using Nanoindenter and Atomic Force Microscope, Mater. Sci. Eng. A-Struct., 2006, 425, p 28–35
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful for the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project Number: 51875441). We also thank Mr Zijun Ren at Instrument Analysis Center of Xi’an Jiaotong University for his assistance with EBSD operation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liang, Z., Zhang, Q., Niu, L. et al. Hot Deformation Behavior and Processing Maps of As-Cast Hypoeutectic Al-Si-Mg Alloy. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 28, 4871–4881 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04229-2
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04229-2