Abstract
Different oxidation layers on the Ti2AlN/TiAl substrate which was fabricated by in situ synthesis were prepared through thermal oxidation process. The microstructure, phase identification and elements distribution of the oxidation layers were analyzed. The tribological performance of pre-oxidized composites against Si3N4 ball at 25 and 600 °C, as well as the effect of pre-oxidation layers on tribological performance was systematically investigated. The results show that, compared to Ti2AlN/TiAl, the pre-oxidized composites present more excellent tribological properties, especially the wear resistance at 600 °C. It is a significant finding that, different from severe abrasive wear and plastic deformation of Ti2AlN/TiAl, the tribo-films formed by the pre-oxidation layers on the worn surface of pre-oxidized composites weaken abrasive wear and suppress the development of plastic deformation to protect the underlying composite substrate from wear. Moreover, the stable cooperation on the interface between tribo-films and Si3N4 ball results in the relatively steady friction coefficient.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
H. Clemens and S. Mayer, Design, Processing, Microstructure, Properties, and Applications of Advanced Intermetallic TiAl alloys, Adv. Eng. Mater., 2013, 15(4), p 191–215
Z. Du, K. Zhang, S. Jiang, R. Zhu, and S. Li, High Temperature Mechanical Behavior of Ti-45Al-8Nb and its Cavity Evolution in Deformation, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2015, 24(10), p 3746–3754
S. Chang, The Isothermal and Cyclic Oxidation Behavior of a Titanium Aluminide Alloy at Elevated Temperature, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2007, 16(4), p 508–514
I. Yadroitsev, P. Krakhmalev, and I. Yadroitsava, Selective Laser Melting of Ti6Al4 V Alloy for Biomedical Applications: Temperature Monitoring and Microstructural Evolution, J. Alloy. Compd., 2014, 583, p 404–409
J. Cheng, J. Ma, Y. Yu, L. Fu, Z. Qiao, J. Yang, J. Li, and W. Liu, Vacuum Tribological Properties of a Ti-46Al-2Cr-2Nb Intermetallics, J. Tribol., 2014, 136(2), p 021604
T. Kawabata, H. Fukai, and O. Izumi, Effect of Ternary Additions on Mechanical Properties of TiAl, Acta Mater., 1998, 46(6), p 2185–2194
F. Appel and R. Wagner, Microstructure and Deformation of Two-Phase γ-Titanium Aluminides, Mater. Sci. Eng., 1998, 22(5), p 187–268
J. Gussone, Y. Hagedorn, H. Gherekhloo, G. Kasperovich, T. Merzouk, and J. Hausmann, Microstructure of γ-Titanium Aluminide Processed by Selective Laser Melting at Elevated Temperatures, Intermetallics, 2015, 66, p 133–140
R. Imayev, V. Imayev, M. Oehring, and F. Appel, Alloy Design Concepts for Refined Gamma Titanium Aluminide Based Alloys, Intermetallics, 2007, 15(4), p 451–460
A. Rastkar, A. Bloyce, and T. Bell, Sliding Wear Behavior of Two Gamma-Based Titanium Aluminides, Wear, 2000, 240(1), p 19–26
K. Miyoshi, B. Lerch, and S. Draper, Fretting Wear of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb, Tribol. Int., 2003, 36, p 145–153
X. Liu, X. Meng, H. Liu, G. Shi, S. Wu, C. Sun, M. Wang, and L. Qi, Development and Characterization of Laser Clad High Temperature Self-Lubricating Wear Resistant Composite Coatings on Ti-6Al-4 V Alloy, Mater. Des., 2014, 55, p 404–409
R. Pflumm, A. Donchev, S. Mayer, H. Clemens, and M. Schütze, High-Temperature Oxidation Behavior of Multi-phase Mo-Containing γ-TiAl-Based Alloys, Intermetallics, 2014, 53, p 45–55
X. Liu and H. Wang, Modification of Tribology and High-Temperature Behavior of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb Intermetallic Alloy by Laser Cladding, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2006, 252(16), p 5735–5744
J. Yao, X. Shi, W. Zhai, A. Ibrahim, Z. Xu, S. Song, L. Che, Q. Zhu, Y. Xiao, and Q. Zhang, Effect of TiB2 on Tribological Properties of TiAl Self-lubricating Composites Containing Ag at Elevated Temperature, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2015, 24(1), p 307–318
J. Cheng, Y. Yu, L. Fu, F. Li, Z. Qiao, J. Li, J. Yang, and W. Liu, Effect of TiB2 on Dry-Sliding Tribological Properties of TiAl Intermetallics, Tribol. Int., 2013, 62, p 91–99
G. Zhao, J. Chen, and L. Zheng, In-situ Synthesis, Microstructure and Properties of Ti2AlN/TiB2 Composite, Int. J. Mater. Res., 2016, 108(2), p 133–138
K. Zhang, F. Wang, J. Zhu, and L. Ye, The Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of V2O5-Doped Al2O3/TiAl In Situ Composites by Reactive Hot Pressing Process, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2013, 22(12), p 3933–3939
S. Djanarthany, J. Viala, and J. Bouix, Development of SiC/TiAl Composites: Processing and Interfacial Phenomena, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2001, 300(1), p 211–218
J. Cheng, F. Li, L. Fu, Z. Qiao, J. Yang, and W. Liu, Dry-sliding Tribological Properties of TiAl/Ti2AlC Composites, Tribol. Lett., 2014, 53(2), p 457–467
T. Ai, Q. Yu, and W. Li, Design and Strengthening Behavior of Ti2AlC/TiAl Composite by Low-Temperature Hot-Pressing Process, Adv. Appl. Ceram., 2016, 115(4), p 190–192
T. Ai, N. Yu, X. Feng, N. Xie, and W. Li, Low-Temperature Synthesis and Characterization of Ti2AlC/TiAl In Situ Composites via a Reaction Hot-Pressing Process in the Ti3AlC2-Ti-Al System, Met. Mater. Int., 2015, 21(1), p 179–184
Y. Liu, R. Hu, J. Yang, and J. Li, Tensile Properties and Fracture Behavior of In Situ Synthesized Ti2AlN/Ti48Al2Cr2Nb Composites at Room and Elevated Temperatures, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2017, 679, p 7–13
D. Sun, T. Sun, Q. Wang, X. Han, and Q. Guo, Fabrication of In Situ Ti2AlN/TiAl Composites by Reaction Hot Pressing and Their Properties, J. Wuhan Univ. Technol., 2014, 29(1), p 126–130
Y. Zhou, D. Sun, D. Jiang, X. Han, Q. Wang, and G. Wu, Microstructural Characteristics and Evolution of Ti2AlN/TiAl Composites with a Network Reinforcement Architecture During Reaction Hot Pressing Process, Mater. Charact., 2013, 80, p 28–35
Z. Xu, X. Shi, Q. Zhang, W. Zhai, J. Yao, L. Chen, Q. Zhu, and Y. Xiao, High-Temperature Tribological Performance of Ti3SiC2/TiAl Self-lubricating Composite Against Si3N4 in Air, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2014, 23(6), p 2255–2264
Z. Xu, X. Shi, M. Wang, W. Zhai, J. Yao, S. Song, and Q. Zhang, Effect of Ag and Ti3SiC2 on Tribological Properties of TiAl Matrix Self-lubricating Composites at Room and Increased Temperatures, Tribol. Lett., 2014, 53(3), p 617–629
Z. Xu, B. Xue, X. Shi, Q. Zhang, W. Zhai, J. Yao, and Y. Wang, Sliding Speed and Load Dependence of Tribological Properties of Ti3SiC2/TiAl Composite, Tribol. T., 2015, 58(1), p 87–96
Z. Sun, Progress in Research and Development on MAX Phases: A Family of Layered Ternary Compounds, Int. Mater. Rev., 2011, 56(3), p p143–p166
H. Zhai, Z. Huang, Y. Zhou, Z. Zhang, and Y. Wang, Oxidation Layer in Sliding Friction Surface of High-Purity Ti3SiC2, J. Mater. Sci., 2004, 39(21), p 6635–6637
P. An, Z. He, J. Qin, Z. Li, Y. Li, Z. Kou, and D. He, Stability of Titanium-Aluminium Nitride (Ti2AlN) at High Pressure and High Temperatures, J. Wuhan Univ. Technol., 2011, 26(5), p 914–919
C. Martini and L. Ceschini, A Comparative Study of the Tribological Behaviour of PVD Coatings on the Ti-6Al-4 V Alloy, Tribol. Int., 2011, 44(3), p 297–308
D. Kuo and K. Huang, Kinetic and Microstructure of TiN Coatings by CVD, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2001, 135(2), p 150–157
Y. Xu, Q. Miao, W. Liang, X. Yu, Q. Jiang, Z. Zhang, B. Ren, and Z. Yao, Tribological Behavior of Al2O3/Al Composite Coating on γ-TiAl at Elevated Temperature, Mater. Charact., 2015, 101, p 122–129
A. Rastkar and T. Bell, Characterization and Tribological Performance of Oxide Layers on a Gamma Based Titanium Aluminide, Wear, 2005, 258(11), p 1616–1624
American Society for Testing and Materials, Standard Test Method for Wear Testing With a Pin-on-Disk Apparatus, ASTM G99-95, 1995
Z. Yan, Q. Shen, X. Shi, K. Zou, Y. Huang, and A. Zhang, Tribological Behavior of γ-TiAl Matrix Composites with Different Contents of Multilayer Graphene, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2017, 26(6), p 2776–2783
A. Pauschitz, M. Roy, and F. Franek, Mechanisms of Sliding Wear of Metals and Alloys at Elevated Temperatures, Tribol. Int., 2008, 41(7), p 584–602
F. Bowden and D. Tabor, The Friction and Lubrication of Solids, Clarendon, London, 1986, p 374
M.N. Gardos, The Effect of anion Vacancies of the Tribological Properties of Rutile (TiO2−x), Tribol. Trans., 1989, 32(1), p 30–31
M. Gardos, H. Hong, and W. Winer, The Effect of Anion Vacancies on the Tribological Properties of Rutile (TiO2−x), Part II: Experimental Evidence, Tribol. Trans., 1990, 33(2), p 209–220
M. Barekat, R. Razavi, and A. Ghasemi, Wear Behavior of Laser-Cladded Co-Cr-Mo Coating on γ-TiAl Substrate, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2017, 26(7), p 3226–3238
J. Cheng, F. Li, Z. Qiao, S. Zhu, J. Yang, and W. Liu, The Role of Oxidation and Counterface in the High Temperature Tribological Properties of TiAl Intermetallics, Mater. Des., 2015, 84, p 245–253
J. Yang, P. La, W. Liu, and Q. Xue, Tribological Properties of FeAl Intermetallics Under Dry Sliding, Wear, 2004, 257(1), p 104–109
P. La, Q. Xue, and W. Liu, Effects of Boron Doping on Tribological Properties of Ni3Al-Cr7C3 Coatings Under Dry Sliding, Wear, 2001, 249(1), p 93–99
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by National Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51471058 and 51201046).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, D., Sun, D., Han, X. et al. Investigation on Tribological Properties of the Pre-oxidized Ti2AlN/TiAl Composite. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 27, 1973–1986 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-018-3263-4
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-018-3263-4