Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Fabrication of Carbon-Doped Titanium Dioxide Nanotubes as Anode Materials for Photocatalytic Glucose Fuel Cells

  • Original Research Article
  • Published:
Journal of Electronic Materials Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the present work, TiO2 nanotubes (TNT) and carbon-doped TiO2 nanotubes (C-TNT) were produced via the anodization method. Carbon doping was performed on TNT in a tubular oven employing two different 15 cm3/min total flow rates with varying compositions of acetylene (C2H2) and argon (Ar) as VC2H2/Ar = 7/93 (1 cm3/min C2H2 + 14 cm3/min Ar) for C-TNT (7:93) and VC2H2/Ar = 33/67 (5 cm3/min C2H2 + 10 cm3/min Ar) for C-TNT (33:67). The synthesized C-doped TNT was characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD, Raman spectra, and SEM results reveal that a carbon film structure was formed on the TNT surface. In addition, the electronic structure of TNT changed with doping of carbon on the TNT surface. These carbon-doped TNTs were employed as catalysts for the photocatalytic oxidation of glucose (GA). Cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were carried out to investigate the glucose electro-oxidation activity of the carbon-doped TNTs in the dark and under UV illumination (λ = 354 nm). C-TNT (7:93) exhibited the highest glucose electro-oxidation activity under the dark and UV illumination compared to C-TNT (33:67) and TNT. The glucose electro-oxidation (GAEO) current density on C-TNT (7:93) improved significantly under UV illumination compared to glucose electro-oxidation activity obtained in the dark. C-TNT (7:93) enhanced glucose electro-oxidation activity and stability under UV illumination. This electrode production method is promising for the design of photocatalytic glucose fuel cells.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. B. Ulas, A. Kivrak, N. Aktas, and H. Kivrak, Fuller. Nanotub. Carbon Nanostructures 27, 545 (2019).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. H. Kivrak, S. Kuliyev, H. Tempel, J. Schneider, and D. Uner, Int. J. Chem. React. Eng. 9, 1 (2011).

    Google Scholar 

  3. O. Sahin and H. Kivrak, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 38, 901 (2013).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. B. Ulas, A. Caglar, O. Sahin, and H. Kivrak, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 532, 47 (2018).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. B. Ulas, A. Caglar, and H. Kivrak, Int. J. Energy Res. 43, 3436 (2019).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. H. Demir Kivrak, Turk. J. Chem. 39, 563 (2015).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. O. Sahin, D. Duzenli, and H. Kivrak, Energ. Source. Part A. 38, 628 (2016).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. A. Caglar and H. Kivrak, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 44, 11734 (2019).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. H. Kivrak, M. Can, H. Duru, and O. Sahin, Int. J. Chem. React. Eng. 12, 1 (2014).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. H.C. Kazici, F. Yildiz, M.S. Izgi, B. Ulas, and H. Kivrak, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 44, 10561 (2019).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. A. Caglar, T. Sahan, M.S. Cogenli, A.B. Yurtcan, N. Aktas, and H. Kivrak, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 43, 11002 (2018).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. C. Avci, F. Cicek, H.C. Kazici, A. Kivrak, and H. Kivrak, Int. J. Nano Dimens. 9, 15 (2018).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. A. Caglar, B. Ulas, M.S. Cogenli, A.B. Yurtcan, and H. Kivrak, J. Electroanal. Chem. 850, 113402 (2019).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. A. Caglar, B. Ulas, O. Sahin, and H. Kivrak, Int. J. Energy Res. 43, 8204 (2019).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. B. Ulas, A. Caglar, S. Yilmaz, U. Ecer, Y. Yilmaz, T. Sahan, and H. Kivrak, Int. J. Energy Res. 43, 8985 (2019).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. T. Oka, H. Mizuseki, and Y. Kawazoe, J. Jpn. Inst. Metals. 70, 495 (2006).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. I.M. Al-Akraa, A.M. Mohammad, M.S. El-Deab, and B.E. El-Anadouli, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 10, 3282 (2015).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. M. Carmo, V.A. Paganin, J.M. Rosolen, and E.R. Gonzalez, J. Power Sources 142, 169 (2005).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. F.G.B. San, I. Isik-Gulsac, and O. Okur, Energy 55, 1067 (2013).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. H.D. Du, B.H. Li, F.Y. Kang, R.W. Fu, and Y.Q. Zeng, Carbon 45, 429 (2007).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. E. Auer, A. Freund, J. Pietsch, and T. Tacke, Appl. Catal. A-Gen. 173, 259 (1998).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. C. Rice, S. Ha, R.I. Masel, and A. Wieckowski, J. Power Sources 115, 229 (2003).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. M. Takahashi, T. Mori, A. Vinu, D.R. Ou, H. Kobayashi, and J. Drennan, Adv. Appl. Ceram. 107, 57 (2008).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. A.K. Shukla, M.K. Ravikumar, and K.S. Gandhi, J. Solid State Electrochem. 2, 117 (1998).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. K.M. McGrath, G.K.S. Prakash, and G.A. Olah, J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 10, 1063 (2004).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. A. Bayrakceken, U. Kitkamthorn, M. Aindow, and C. Erkey, Scripta Mater. 56, 101 (2007).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. B. Guvenatam, B. Ficicilar, A. Bayrakceken, and I. Eroglu, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 37, 1865 (2012).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. A. Bayrakceken, B. Cangul, L.C. Zhang, M. Aindow, and C. Erkey, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 35, 11669 (2010).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. X. Min, B. Sun, S. Chen, M.H. Fang, X.W. Wu, Y.G. Liu, A. Abdelkader, Z.H. Huang, T. Liu, K. Xi, and R.V. Kumar, Energy Storage Mater. 16, 597 (2019).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. A. Kivrak, O.F. Er, H. Kivrak, Y. Topal, M. Kus, and Y. Camlisoy, Opt. Mater. 73, 206 (2017).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. A. Kivrak, H. Calis, Y. Topal, H. Kivrak, and M. Kus, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cell. 161, 31 (2017).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. A. Kivrak, C. Zobi, Y. Torlak, Y. Camlisoy, M. Kus, and H. Kivrak, Appl. Organomet. Chem. 32, e4512 (2018).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. V.M. Aroutiounian, V.M. Arakelyan, and G.E. Shahnazaryan, Sol. Energy 78, 581 (2005).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. J.H. Park, S. Kim, and A.J. Bard, Nano Lett. 6, 24 (2006).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. M. Gratzel, Inorg. Chem. 44, 6481 (2005).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. M. Hambourger, G. Kodis, M.D. Vaughn, G.F. Moore, D. Gust, A.L. Moore, and T.A. Moore, Dalton Trans. 45, 9979 (2009).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Y. Jeyashree, Y. Sukhi, A.V. Juliet, S.L. Jame, and S. Indirani, Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 107, 104782 (2020).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. R. Mirzanamadi, C.E. Hagentoft, and P. Johansson, Renew. Energy 147, 447 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. K. Rashid, K. Mohammadi, and K. Powell, J. Clean. Prod. 248, 119193 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. M.H. Khanmirzaei, S. Ramesh, and K. Ramesh, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 20, 2423 (2020).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. P.B.L. Neto, O.R. Saavedra, and D.Q. Oliveira, Renew. Energy 147, 339 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. J.S. Lacerda and J. van den Bergh, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 118, 2 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  43. C.Y. Chou, C.P. Lee, R. Vittal, and K.C. Ho, J. Power Sources 196, 6595 (2011).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. R. Hahn, T. Stergiooulus, J.M. Macak, D. Tsoukleris, A.G. Kontos, S.P. Albu, D. Kim, A. Ghicov, J. Kunze, P. Falaras, and P. Schmuki, Phys. Status Solidi Rapid Res. Lett. 1, 135 (2007).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Q.L. Liu, Z.Y. Zhao, R.D. Zhao, and J.H. Yi, J. Alloys Compd. 819, 153032 (2020).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. A. Kudo and Y. Miseki, Chem. Soc. Rev. 38, 253 (2009).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. M.Y. Abdelsalam, H.M. Teamah, M.F. Lightstone, and J.S. Cotton, Renew. Energy 147, 77 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. M.J. Cao, Q.S. Xu, X.Y. Qin, and J.L. Cai, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 115, 105471 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. S.Q. Hao, A.T.H. Kuah, C.D. Rudd, K.H. Wong, N.Y.G. Lai, J.N. Mao, and X.L. Liu, Sci. Total Environ. 702, 135054 (2020).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. K.A. Naik, C.P. Gupta, and E. Fernandez, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 115, 105468 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. K. Suleimenov, B. Sarsembayev, B. DucHongPhuc, and T.D. Do, Wind Energy 23, 1026 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. T.T. Guo, Y.B. Liu, J.B. Zhao, Y.W. Zhu, and J.Y. Liu, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 116, 105579 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. M. Elkazaz, M. Sumner, and D. Thomas, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 115, 105483 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Z.N. Wang, H. Wang, S. Ji, X.Y. Wang, B.G. Pollet, and R.F. Wang, J. Power Sources 446, 227348 (2020).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. K. Anwar and S. Deshmukh, J. Power Energy 234, 96 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. R. Cisneros, R. Gao, R. Ortega, and I. Husain, Int. J. Control Article in press, 1 (2020)

  57. A.A. Candade, M. Ranneberg, and R. Schmehl, Wind Energy 23, 1006 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. M. Rezaei, N. Naghdi-Khozani, and N. Jafari, Renew. Energy 147, 1044 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. S. Kuskaya and F. Bilgili, J. Clean. Prod. 245, 118872 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. F. Fouladi, P. Henshaw, D.S.K. Ting, and S. Ray, Heat Tran. Eng. 41, 407 (2020).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. B. Bozkaya and W. Zeiler, Renew Energy 146, 1932 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. A. Çağlar, A. Aldemir, and H. Kivrak, Fullerenes. Nanotub. Carbon Nanostructures 26, 863 (2018).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. R. Li, Z. Wei, T. Huang, and A. Yu, Electrochim. Acta 56, 6860 (2011).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. S. Sankar, G.M. Anilkumar, T. Tamaki, and T. Yamaguchi, ChemCatChem 11, 4731 (2019).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. T.A. Hansu, A. Caglar, O. Sahin, and H. Kivrak, Mater. Chem. Phys. 239, 12201 (2020).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. C.-T. Hsieh, W.-H. Lin, Y.-F. Chen, D.-Y. Tzou, P.-Q. Chen, and R.-S. Juang, J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng. 71, 77 (2017).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. K.K. Maniam, V. Muthukumar, and R. Chetty, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 41, 18602 (2016).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. B. Ong, S. Kamarudin, and S. Basri, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 42, 10142 (2017).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. D. Chai, X. Zhang, S.H. Chan, and G. Li, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 95, 139 (2019).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. D. Basu and S. Basu, Int. J. Hydrog Energy 36, 14923 (2011).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. L. Li, K. Scott, and E.H. Yu, J. Power Sources 221, 5 (2013).

    Google Scholar 

  72. A. Brouzgou, L.L. Yan, S.Q. Song, and P. Tsiakaras, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 147, 481 (2014).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. A. Brouzgou and P. Tsiakaras, Topics in Catal. 58, 1311 (2015).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Q. Chen, Z. Xia, Y. Zhang, and S. Wang, J. Solid State Electrochem. 23, 3399 (2019).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. A. Dokouzis, F. Bella, K. Theodosiou, C. Gerbaldi, and G. Leftheriotis, Mater. Today. Energy 15, 100365 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  76. F. Bella, A.B. Muñoz-García, F. Colò, G. Meligrana, A. Lamberti, M. Destro, M. Pavone, and C. Gerbaldi, ACS Omega 3, 8440 (2018).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. D. Pugliese, A. Lamberti, F. Bella, A. Sacco, S. Bianco, and E. Tresso, Org. Electron. 15, 3715 (2014).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. J. Zhou, M. Guo, L. Wang, Y. Ding, Z. Zhang, Y. Tang, C. Liu, and S. Luo, Chem. Eng. J. 366, 163 (2019).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. F. Bella, S. Galliano, G. Piana, G. Giacona, G. Viscardi, M. Grätzel, C. Barolo, and C. Gerbaldi, Electrochim. Acta 302, 31 (2019).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. F. Bella, A. Verna, and C. Gerbaldi, Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 73, 92 (2018).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. F. Bella, A. Lamberti, A. Sacco, S. Bianco, A. Chiodoni, and R. Bongiovanni, J. Membr. Sci. 470, 125 (2014).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Y. Gu, Y. Liu, H. Yang, B. Li, and Y. An, Electrochim. Acta 160, 263 (2015).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Y. Gu, H. Yang, B. Li, J. Mao, and Y. An, Electrochim. Acta 194, 367 (2016).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. D. Chu, X.H. Li, D.X. Feng, J.S. Gu, and G. Shen, Acta Chim Sin. 62, 2403 (2004).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. T. Rafaïdeen, S. Baranton, and C. Coutanceau, Appl. Catal. B 243, 641 (2019).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. R.A. Escalona-Villalpando, M.P. Gurrola, G. Trejo, M. Guerra-Balcázar, J. Ledesma-García, and L.G. Arriaga, J Electroanal Chem. 816, 92 (2018).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. A. Caglar, B. Ulas, O. Sahin, and H. Demir Kivrak, Energy Storage 1, e73 (2019).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. M. Sheikhzadeh, S. Hejazi, S. Mohajernia, O. Tomanec, M. Mokhtar, A. Alshehri, S. Sanjabi, R. Zboril, and P. Schmuki, ChemCatChem 11, 6258 (2019).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. N. Khaliq, M.A. Rasheed, G. Cha, M. Khan, S. Karim, P. Schmuki, and G. Ali, Sens. Actuators B. Chem. 302, 127200 (2020).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Z. Zhang, Z. Xu, Z. Yao, Y. Meng, Q. Xia, D. Li, and Z. Jiang, J. Alloys Compd. 805, 396 (2019).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. D. Wang, B. Yu, C. Wang, F. Zhou, and W. Liu, Adv. Mater. 21, 1964 (2009).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. S. Santangelo, G. Messina, G. Faggio, A. Donato, L. Luca, N. Donato, A. Bonavita, and G. Neri, J. Solid State Chem. 183, 2451 (2010).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. A. Lamberti, A. Chiodoni, N. Shahzad, S. Bianco, M. Quaglio, and C.F. Pirri, Sci. Rep. 5, 7808 (2015).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. A. Caglar, D. Düzenli, I. Onal, I. Tezsevin, O. Sahin, and H. Kivrak, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 45, 490 (2020).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. O.F. Er, A. Caglar, B. Ulas, H. Kivrak, and A. Kivrak, Mater. Chem. Phys. 241, 122422 (2020).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. A. Caglar, M.S. Cogenli, A. Bayrakçeken Yurtcan, and H. Kivrak, Renew. Energy 150, 78 (2020).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. B. Ulas, A. Caglar, A. Kivrak, N. Aktas, and H. Kivrak, Ionics 26, 3109 (2020).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. T. Avci Hansu, A. Çağlar, O. Sahin, and H. Kivrak, Int. J. Ecosyst. Ecol. Sci. (IJEES). 10, 38 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  99. H. Demir Kivrak, A. Caglar, T. Avcı Hansu, and O. Sahin, Manas J. Eng (MJEN) 8, 1 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  100. O. Ozok, E. Kavak, O.F. Er, H. Kivrak, and A. Kivrak, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 45, 28706 (2020).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. A. Caglar, D. Düzenli, I. Önal, İ. Tezsevin, Ö. Sahin, and H. Kivrak, J. Phys. Chem. Solids Article in press, 109684 (2020).

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Kyrgyz-Turk Manas University Scientific Research Fund for financial support with Project No: KTMU-BAP-2019. FBE. 05

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, 65000, Van, Turkey

    Aykut Caglar, Hilal Kivrak & Nahit Aktas

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyrgyz-Turk Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan

    Nahit Aktas & Ali Osman Solak

Authors
  1. Aykut Caglar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hilal Kivrak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Nahit Aktas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ali Osman Solak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nahit Aktas.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Caglar, A., Kivrak, H., Aktas, N. et al. Fabrication of Carbon-Doped Titanium Dioxide Nanotubes as Anode Materials for Photocatalytic Glucose Fuel Cells. J. Electron. Mater. 50, 2242–2253 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-020-08671-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-020-08671-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation