Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Formation Mechanism of Band Delta-Ferrite in 416 Stainless Steel and Its Relationship with MnS and M23C6

  • Original Research Article
  • Published:
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

AISI 416 steel is a free-cutting stainless steel with a banded structure (BS) that is formed by element segregation, and its secondary phase particles significantly affect its microstructure and properties during the hot working process. In this study, we investigated the formation mechanism of the BS and its relationship with secondary phase particles (MnS and M23C6) in 416 steel by carrying out thermodynamic calculations and high-temperature confocal laser scanning microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and electron probe microanalyzer measurements. The BS was identified to be a delta-ferrite (δ-Fe) phase rich in Cr. In addition, when the volume fraction of δ-Fe was the largest during the solidification process (1392 °C, 1665 K) the BS was most likely to precipitate. The length and width of each grain in the BS were approximately 15 to 20 and 5 μm, respectively. The spacing between the BSs was in the range of 30 to 60 μm. The heat preservation treatment (1170 °C, 1443 K) of the steel could barely improve the shape of the BS. The fine M23C6 particles around the BS enhanced the segregation of Cr and worked with the MnS inclusions to pin the surrounding grains in order to prevent their coarsening during the heat preservation process. The metastable banded structure (MBS) formed near the BS transformed into a martensite phase because the concentration of the segregated Cr in the MBS was not sufficient to stabilize its microstructure. The MnS inclusions pinned and refined the grains and showed four types of distributions, namely between two grain boundaries, between polycrystalline boundaries, within the grains, and throughout the grains.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. X. Wu, L. Wu, J. Xie, P. Shen, J. Fu, Metall. Res. Technol. 117, pp. 1–8 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. G. Domizzi, G. Anteri, J. Ovejero-Garcia, Corros. Sci. 43, 325–339 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. R. Großterlinden, R. Kawalla, U. Lotter, H. Pircher, Steel Res. 63, 331–336 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. A. Sarkissian, A. Karma, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 178, 153–157 (1994)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. J.S. Kirkaldy, J. von Destinon-Forstmann, R.J. Brigham, Can. Metall. Q. 1, 59–81 (1962)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. S.E. Offerman, N.H. van Dijk, MTh. Rekveldt, J. Sietsma, S. van der Zwaag, Mater. Sci. Technol. 18, 297–303 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. W. Xu, P.E.J. Rivera-Diaz-Del-Castillo, S. van der Zwaag, ISIJ Int. 45, 380–387 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. F. A. Khalid, M. Farooque, A. ul Haq, and A. Q. Khan: Mater Sci Technol, 1999, vol 15, pp 1209-15.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. J.D. Verhoeven, J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 9, 286–296 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. L. Shi, D.O. Northwood, J. Mater. Sci. 27, 5343–5347 (1992)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. P.H.S. Cardoso, C. Kwietniewski, J.P. Porto, A. Reguly, T.R. Strohaecker, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 351, 1–8 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. B. Krebs, L. Germain, A. Hazotte, M. Goune, J. Mater. Sci. 46, 7026–7038 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. B. Wang, H.M. Hu, C. Zhou, Appl. Mech. Mater. 347–350, 1171–1175 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  14. S.A. Etesami, M.H. Enayati, J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 25, 349–358 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. D. You, S.K. Michelic, C. Bernhard, D. Loder, G. Wieser, ISIJ Int. 56, 1770–1778 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. J. Miettinen, Metall. Mater. Trans. B 31B, 365–379 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. T. Matsunaga, H. Hongo, M. Tabuchi, R. Sahara, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 655, 168–174 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. H.X. Chi, D.S. Ma, H.X. Xu, W.L. Zhu, J.Q. Jiang, J. Iron Steel Res. Int. 23, 484–488 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. K. Wang, T. Yu, Y. Song, H. Li, M. Liu, R. Luo, J. Zhang, F. Fang, X. Lin, Metall. Mater. Trans. B 50B, 1213–1224 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. W. Mao, Z. An, S. Li, Chin. Sci. Bull. 54, 4537–4540 (2009)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. P.A. Manohar, M. Ferry, T. Chandra, ISIJ Int. 38, 913–924 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. R. Elst, J. van Humbeeck, L. Delaey, Acta Metall. 36, 1723–1729 (1988)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. T. Gladman, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 294, 298–309 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  24. N. Ryum, O. Hunderi, E. Nes, Scripta Metall. 17, 1281–1283 (1983)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. C.T. Lin, Y.L. Shen, R. Becker, S. Suresh, Acta Mater. 47, 501–515 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully express their appreciation to Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51874195, and 52074179) for supporting this work.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Qianren Tian and Xiangyu Xu have contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Advanced Solidification Technology (CAST), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People’s Republic of China

    Qianren Tian, Xiangyu Xu, Jie Li, Nianfu Liu, Xiangyu Wu, Ping Shen & Jianxun Fu

  2. State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People’s Republic of China

    Qianren Tian, Xiangyu Xu, Jie Li, Nianfu Liu, Xiangyu Wu, Ping Shen & Jianxun Fu

  3. Baosteel Special Steel Shaoguan Co., Ltd., Shaoguan, 512122, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

    Nianfu Liu

Authors
  1. Qianren Tian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Xiangyu Xu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jie Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Nianfu Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Xiangyu Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Ping Shen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Jianxun Fu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jianxun Fu.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Manuscript submitted February 7, 2021; accepted April 6, 2021.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Tian, Q., Xu, X., Li, J. et al. Formation Mechanism of Band Delta-Ferrite in 416 Stainless Steel and Its Relationship with MnS and M23C6. Metall Mater Trans B 52, 2355–2363 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-021-02181-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-021-02181-y

Search

Navigation