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Effect of Superheat, Cooling Rate, and Refractory Composition on the Formation of Non-metallic Inclusions in Non-oriented Electrical Steels

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Abstract

The magnetic properties of electrical steels are improved with additions of silicon and aluminum; however, these elements also promote the formation of non-metallic inclusions. The presence of non-metallic inclusions in electrical steels severely affects its magnetic properties. In this work, the effect of cooling rate, superheat, and refractory composition on the formation of non-metallic inclusions has been investigated. The evolution in chemical composition has been reported using a new representation employing pseudo-quinary phase diagrams. It has been found that the concentration of MnO in the non-metallic inclusions plays a big role to control its population density. A critical value has been identified above which it is possible to achieve a large decrease in the total number of non-metallic inclusions in electrical steels, in addition to this, it was also possible to define the influence of cooling rate, superheat, and refractory chemical composition on the composition and population density of non-metallic inclusions. It was found that increasing cooling rate and a change of crucible from alumina-based to MgO-based, both increase the population density of NMI, on the contrary, superheat decreases the population density, depending on the concentration of MnO in the inclusions.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful for support from the National Science Foundation China (Grant No. 51274034, No. 51334002, and No. 51404019), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Recycling and Extraction of Metals (GREM), the Laboratory of Green Process Metallurgy and Modeling (GPM2) and the High Quality steel Consortium (HQSC) at the School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering at University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), China.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Recycling and Extraction of Metals (GREM), School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), No. 30, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China

    Yan Luo (Ph.D. Student) & Lifeng Zhang (Professor)

  2. School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), No. 30, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China

    Alberto Nava Conejo (Visiting Professor)

  3. Morelia Technological Institute, USTB, Morelia, 58120, Mexico

    Alberto Nava Conejo (Visiting Professor)

  4. School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), No. 30, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China

    Lingfeng Chen (Ph.D. Student)

  5. Shougang Group, Qian’an Iron & Steel Co., Ltd., Qian’an, 064404, P. R. China

    Lingfeng Chen (Ph.D. Student) & Lin Cheng (Technician)

Authors
  1. Yan Luo
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  2. Alberto Nava Conejo
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  3. Lifeng Zhang
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  4. Lingfeng Chen
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  5. Lin Cheng
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lifeng Zhang.

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Manuscript submitted May 24, 2015.

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Luo, Y., Conejo, A.N., Zhang, L. et al. Effect of Superheat, Cooling Rate, and Refractory Composition on the Formation of Non-metallic Inclusions in Non-oriented Electrical Steels. Metall Mater Trans B 46, 2348–2360 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-015-0401-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-015-0401-3

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