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Nucleation and Precipitation Strengthening in Dilute Al-Ti and Al-Zr Alloys

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Abstract

Two conventionally solidified Al-0.2Ti alloys (with 0.18 and 0.22 at. pct Ti) exhibit no hardening after aging up to 3200 hours at 375 °C or 425 °C. This is due to the absence of Al3Ti precipitation, as confirmed by electron microscopy and electrical conductivity measurements. By contrast, an Al-0.2Zr alloy (with 0.19 at. pct Zr) displays strong age hardening at both temperatures due to precipitation of Al3Zr (L12) within Zr-enriched dendritic regions. This discrepancy between the two alloys is explained within the context of the equilibrium phase diagrams: (1) the disparity in solid and liquid solubilities of Ti in α-Al is much greater than that of Zr in α-Al; and (2) the relatively small liquid solubility of Ti in α-Al limits the amount of solute retained in solid solution during solidification, while the comparatively high solid solubility reduces the supersaturation effecting precipitation during post-solidification aging. The lattice parameter mismatch of Al3Ti (L12) with α-Al is also larger than that of Al3Zr (L12), further hindering nucleation of Al3Ti. Classical nucleation theory indicates that the minimum solute supersaturation required to overcome the elastic strain energy of Al3Ti nuclei cannot be obtained during conventional solidification of Al-Ti alloys (unlike for Al-Zr alloys), thus explaining the absence of Al3Ti precipitation and the presence of Al3Zr precipitation.

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  1. TenuPol is a trademark of Struers A/S, Ballerup, Denmark.

  2. PHILIPS is a trademark of Philips Electronic Instruments Corp., Mahwah, NJ.

  3. LEO is a trademark of Zeiss-Leica, Cambridge, England.

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the United States Department of Energy, Basic Sciences Division, under Contract No. DE-FG02-02ER45997. Gratitude is expressed to KB Alloys for providing the Al-Zr master alloy. We are indebted to Dr. J.L. Murray (Alcoa), for providing the most recent and reliable data for the binary Al-Ti and Al-Zr phase diagrams. We also thank Dr. J.Z. Liu and Professor M. Asta (Northwestern University and University of California, Davis), for calculating the metastable L12 solvus curves for Al3Ti and Al3Zr, and Professor M.E. Fine (Northwestern University) for useful discussions.

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  1. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208-3108, USA

    Keith E. Knipling (National Research Council Associate) & David C. Dunand (James and Margie Krebs Professor of Materials Science and Engineering)

  2. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375-5320, USA

    Keith E. Knipling (National Research Council Associate)

  3. Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Northwestern University Center for Atom-Probe Tomography (NUCAPT), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208-3108, USA

    David N. Seidman (Walter P. Murphy Professor of Materials Science and Engineering)

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  1. Keith E. Knipling
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Correspondence to Keith E. Knipling.

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Manuscript submitted December 15, 2006.

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Knipling, K., Dunand, D. & Seidman, D. Nucleation and Precipitation Strengthening in Dilute Al-Ti and Al-Zr Alloys. Metall Mater Trans A 38, 2552–2563 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-007-9283-6

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