Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Improvement of the hardness and wear resistance of (TiC, TiN)/Ti-6Al-4V surface-alloyed materials fabricated by high-energy electron-beam irradiation

  • Published:
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study is concerned with the microstructural analysis and improvement of the hardness and wear resistance of Ti-6Al-4V surface-alloyed materials fabricated by a high-energy electron beam. The mixtures of TiC, TiN, or TiC + TiN powders and CaF2 flux were deposited on a Ti-6Al-4V substrate, and then the electron beam was irradiated on these mixtures. In the specimens processed with a flux addition, the surface-alloyed layers of 1 mm in thickness were homogeneously formed without defects and contained a large amount (over 30 vol pct) of precipitates such as TiC, TiN, (Ti x Al1−x )N, and Ti(C x N1−x ) in the martensitic or N-rich acicular α-Ti matrix. This microstructural modification, including the formation of hard precipitates and hardened matrices in the surface-alloyed layers, improved the hardness and wear resistance. Particularly in the surface-alloyed material fabricated by the deposition of TiN powders, the wear resistance was greatly enhanced to a level 10 times higher than that of the Ti alloy substrate. These findings suggested that surface alloying using high-energy electron-beam irradiation was economical and useful for the development of titanium-based surface-alloyed materials with improved hardness and wear resistance.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E.W. Collings: Material Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM INTERNATIONAL, Materials Park, OH, 1994, pp. 347–60.

    Google Scholar 

  2. M. Yamada: Mater. Sci. Eng., 1996, vol. A213, pp. 8–15.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. A. Molinari, G. Straffelini, B. Tesi, and T. Bacci: Wear, 1997, vol. 208, pp. 105–12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E.W. Collings: Material Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM INTERNATIONAL, Materials Park, OH, 1994, pp. 1169–76.

    Google Scholar 

  5. O.V. Akgun and O.T. Inal: J. Mater. Sci., 1994, vol. 29, pp. 1159–68.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. J.K. Gregory, H.J. Rack, and D. Eylon: Surface Performance of Titanium, TMS, 1996, pp. 1–22.

  7. P. Jiang, X.L. He, X.X. Li, L.G. Yu, and H.M. Wang: Surf. Coating Technology, 2000, vol. 130, pp. 24–28.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. S.-H. Choo, S. Lee, and S.-J. Kwon: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 1999, vol. 30A, pp. 3131–41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. K. Euh, S. Lee, and K. Shin: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 1999, vol. 30A, pp. 3143–51.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. A.B. Kloosterman, B.J. Kooi, and J.T.M. De Hosson: Acta Mater., 1998, vol. 46, pp. 6205–17.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. S. Yerramareddy and S. Bahadur: Wear, 1992, vol. 157, pp. 245–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. S. Fukumoto, H. Tsubakino, S. Inoue, L. Liu, M. Terasawa, and T. Mitamura: Mater. Sci. Eng., 1999, vol. A263, pp. 205–09.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. T. Smith: J. Met., 1994, vol. 46, pp. 54–56.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. C. Hu, H. Xin, L.M. Watson, and T.N. Baker: Acta Mater., 1997, vol. 45, pp. 4311–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. C. Badini, M. Bianco, S. Talentino, X.B. Guo, and C. Gianoglio: Appl. Surf. Sci., 1992, vol. 54, pp. 374–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Y. Fu, J. Wei, and A.W. Batchelor: J. Mater. Proc. Technol., 2000, vol. 99, pp. 231–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. J.C. Oh, D-K. Choo, and S. Lee: Surf. Coating Technol., 2000, vol. 127, pp. 76–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. J.C. Oh, K. Euh, S. Lee, Y. Koo, and N.J. Kim: Scripta Mater., 1998, vol. 39, pp. 1389–94.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. A.F. Vaisman, S.B. Vasserman, M.G. Golkovskii, V.D. Kedo, and R.A. Salimov: About Surface Handening by Concentrated Electron Beam at Atmosphere, Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibrsk, Russia, 1988, Preprint 73–88, pp. 5–31.

    Google Scholar 

  20. M. Bauccio: ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, 2nd ed. ASM INTERNATIONAL, Metals Park, OH, 1994, pp. 283 and 297.

    Google Scholar 

  21. R.C. Weast: Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 55th, CRC Press, Cleveland, OH, 1974, p. B-77.

    Google Scholar 

  22. ASTM Standard Practice for Conducting Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Abrasion Tests, ASTM G65-83, ASTM, Philadelphia. PA, 1989.

  23. Y. Lin, R.H. Zee, and B.A. Chin: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 1991, vol. 22A, pp. 859–65.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. C. Hu, H. Xin, L.M. Watson, and T.N. Baker: Acta Mater., 1997, vol. 45, pp. 4311–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. E.K. Storms: The Refractory Carbides, Academic Press, New York, 1967, pp. 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  26. J.R. Roos, J.P. Celis, and E. Vancoille: Thin Solid Film, 1990, vol. 193, pp. 547–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. T. Tabata and R. Ito: Nucl. Sci. Eng., 1974, vol. 53, pp. 226–39.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. S. Schiller, U. Heisig, and S. Panzer: Electron Beam Technology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1982, pp. 38–41.

    Google Scholar 

  29. S.M. Gurevich: The Metallurgy and Technology of Welding the Titanium and Titanium Alloys, Kiev, 1986, pp. 108 and 118.

  30. T.B Massalski: Binary Alloy Phase Diagram, ASM INTERNATIONAL, Metals Park, OH, 1986, vol. 1, p. 593.

    Google Scholar 

  31. H. Ha, G.-M. Hwang, and H.-C. Lee: J. Kor. Cer. Soc., 1994, vol. 31, pp. 637–42.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. the Center for Advanced Aerospace Materials, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 790-78, Pohang, Korea

    Jun Cheol Oh (Research Assistant) & Sunghak Lee (Professor)

  2. the Materials Science and Engineering Department, Pohang University of Science and Technology, USA

    Sunghak Lee (Professor)

  3. the Applications of Industrial Accelerators, The Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia

    Mikhail G. Golkovski (Researcher)

Authors
  1. Jun Cheol Oh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sunghak Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mikhail G. Golkovski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Oh, J.C., Lee, S. & Golkovski, M.G. Improvement of the hardness and wear resistance of (TiC, TiN)/Ti-6Al-4V surface-alloyed materials fabricated by high-energy electron-beam irradiation. Metall Mater Trans A 32, 2995–3005 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-001-0174-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-001-0174-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation