Abstract
Exosomes are cell-derived vesicles that take part in intercellular signaling. Research has shown that acupuncture is closely related to affecting the functions of the mast cells in the local region of the acupoint, and stimulating the afferent nerve. Mast cells have a connection with the conduction within the meridians, and play an important role in immuno-regulation. The ‘synapse-like’ connection between the mast cells and nerve endings is the basis for the exchange of information between these two tissues. Exosome mediates mast exchange of information between mast cells and the nerves, starting the process of neuro-immuno regulation. Therefore, we propose that mast cell-derived exosomes mediate the neuro-immuno regulation at the local site of acupuncture, and this is one of the key factors resulting in the effectiveness of acupuncture.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Cheung F. Traditional Chinese medicine: made in China. Nature 2011;480:S82–S83.
Wang Y, Yin LM, Xu YD, Lui YY, Ran J, Yang YQ. The research of acupuncture effective biomolecules: retrospect and prospect. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013;2013:608026.
Théry C, Ostrowski M, Segura E. Membrane vesicles as conveyors of immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol 2009;9:581–593.
Al-Nedawi K, Szemraj J, Cierniewski CS. Mast cell-derived exosomes activate endothelial cells to secrete plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005;25:1744–1749.
Xu Y, Chen B, Zhao X, Ding SS, Hong SH, Zhang K, et al. The sensor of the information in the organic body. Chin Acupunct Moxibust (Chin) 2013;33:1127–1130.
Chen B, Zhao X, Li MY, Guo Y. Progress of researches and comments on promoters initiating effects of acupuncture stimulation of acupoints. Acupunct Res (Chin) 2013;38:511–514.
Wu ML, Xu DS, Bai WZ, Cui JJ, Shu HM, He W, et al. Local cutaneous nerve terminal and mast cell responses to manual acupuncture in acupoint LI 4 area of the rats. J Chem Neuroanat 2015;68:14–21.
Chen B, Li MY, Guo Y, Zhao X, Liu YY. Mast cell-derived exosome participates in acupoint-stimulation initiated local network activities. Acupunct Res (Chin) 2015;40:82–85.
Luo MF, Dong XT, Song XJ, Jiang J, Zhan JL, Han Y. Study on the dynamic compound structure composed of mast cells, blood vessels, and nerves in rat acupoint. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013;2013:160651.
Liu K, Li AH, Wang W, Xie YK. Dense innervation of acupoints and its easier reflex excitatory in rats. Acupunct Res (Chin) 2009;34:36–42.
Wang J, Sun L, Fei XY, Zhu B. Chaos analysis of the electrical signal time series evoked by acupuncture. Chaos Solitons Fractals 2007;33:901–907.
Zhao ZQ. Neural mechanism underlying acupuncture analgesia. Prog Neurobiol 2008;85:355–375.
Zhang ZJ, Wang XM, McAlonan GM. Neural acupuncture unit: a new concept for interpreting effects and mechanisms of acupuncture. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2012;2012:429412
Tsai M, Grimbaldeston M, Galli SJ. Mast cells and immunoregulation/immunomodulation. In Mast Cell Biology. New York: Springer US; 2011;716:186–211.
Shi H, Cheng B, Li JH, Chen SL, Tan QW, Jin ZG, et al. Mast cell and substance P are involved in the process of acupoints sensitization induced by acute gastric mucosal injury. Acupunct Res (Chin) 2010;35:323–329.
Zhang BZ, Wang JM. Discovery of the neuromastocytic junctions on the meridian line in human skin ?. The afferent neuromastocytic junction and the Schwann cells accompanying efferent axons. Chin J Neuroanatomy (Chin)1985;1:107–111.
Buhner S, Schemann M. Mast cell–nerve axis with a focus on the human gut. Biochim Biophys Acta 2012;1822:85–92.
Alhelal MA, Palaska I, Panagiotidou S, Letourneau R, Theoharides TC. Trigeminal nerve stimulation triggers oral mast cell activation and vascular permeability. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2014;112:40–45.
Forsythe P, Bienenstock J. The mast cell-nerve functional unit: A key component of physiologic and pathophysiologic responses. Chem Immunol Allergy 2012;98:196–221.
Schemann M, Camilleri M. Functions and imaging of mast cell and neural axis of the gut. Gastroenterology 2013;144:698–704.
van Diest SA, Stanisor OI, Boeckxstaens GE, de Jonge WJ, van den Wijngaard RM. Relevance of mast cell–nerve interactions in intestinal nociception. Biochim Biophys Acta 2012;1822:74–84.
Acknowledgment
Give many thanks to Prof. Sophie who provided a reference figure. Thanks to Calista for translation and proofreading.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81403457 and No. 81330088)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chen, B., Li, My., Guo, Y. et al. Mast cell-derived exosomes at the stimulated acupoints activating the neuro-immune regulation. Chin. J. Integr. Med. 23, 878–880 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11655-016-2269-8
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11655-016-2269-8