Abstract
Understanding of the habitat range of threatened Himalayan medicinal plants which are declining in their abundance due to high anthropogenic disturbances is essential for developing conservation strategies and agrotechnologies for cultivation. In this communication, we have discussed the habitat range of two alpine medicinal plants, Aconitum naviculare (Brühl) Stapf and Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora (Pennel) Hong in a trans-Himalayan dry valley of central Nepal, Manang district. They are the most prioritized medicinal plants of the study area in terms of ethnomedicinal uses. A. naviculare occurs on warm and dry south facing slopes between 4090∼4650 m asl along with sclerophyllous and thorny alpine scrubs, while N. scrophulariiflora is exclusively found on cool and moist north facing slope between 4000 and 4400 m asl where adequate water is available from snow melt to create a suitable habitat for this wetland dependent species. The soil in rooting zone of the two plants differs significantly in organic carbon (OC), organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (N) and carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio. Due to cool and moist condition of N. scrophulariiflora habitat, accumulation of soil OC is higher, but soil N content is lower probably due to slow release from litter, higher leaching loss and greater retention in perennial live biomass of the plant. The C/N ratio of soil is more suitable in A. navuculare habitat than that of N scrophulariiflora for N supply. Warm and sunny site with N rich soil can be suitable for cultivation of A. naviculare, while moist and cool site with organic soil for N. scrophulariiflora. The populations of both the plants are fragmented and small. Due to collection by human and trampling damage by livestock, the population of A. naviculare was found absent in open areas in five of the six sampling sites and it was confined only within the bushes of alpine scrubs. For N. scrophulariiflora, high probability of complete receding of small glaciers may be a new threat in future to its habitat. The information about habitat conditions, together with the information from other areas, can be useful to identify potential habitats and plan for cultivation or domestication of the two medicinal plants.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aase T.H. and Vetaas O.R. 2007. Risk Management by Communal Decision in Trans-Himalayan Farming: Manang Valley in Central Nepal. Human Ecology 35: 453–460.
Bhattarai S., Chaudhary R.P. and Taylor R.S.L. 2006. Ethnomedicinal Plants Used by the People of Manang District, Central Nepal. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2: 41 doi: 10.1186/1746-4269-2-41. http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/2/1/41
Bhattarai S., Chaudhary R.P. and Taylor R.S.L. 2007. Prioritization and Trade of Ethnomedicinal Plants by the People of Manang District, Central Nepal. In: RP Chaudhary, TH Aase, OR Vetaas and BP Subedi (eds.) Local Effects of Global Changes in the Himalayas: Manang, Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal: Tribhuvan University (Nepal) and University of Bergen (Norway). Pp. 151–169.
Bista T. and Bista G. 2005. Himalayan Doctors and Healing Herbs: The Amchi Tradition and Medicinal Plants of Mustang. Mustang, Nepal: Lo-Kunphen Mensikhang. Pp. 96.
Biswas T.D. and Mukherjee S.K. 1999. Text Book of Soil Science. 2nd ed. New Delhi, India: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. Pp. 433.
Brady N.C. 1995. The Nature and Properties of Soils. 10th edition. New Delhi, India: Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. Pp. 621.
Chandra S. 2004. Effect of Altitude on Energy Exchange Characteristics of some Alpine Medicinal Crops from Central Himalayas. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Sciences 190: 13–20.
Chandrashekhar K., Rao K.S., Maikhuri R.K. and Saxena K.G. 2007. Ecological Implications of Traditional Livestock Husbandry and Associated Land Use Practices: A Case Study from the Trans-Himalaya, India. Journal of Arid Environments 69: 299–314.
Chauhan R.S. and Nautiyal M.C. 2005. Commercial viability of cultivation of an endangered medicinal herb Nardostachys jatamansii at three different agroclimatic zones. Current Science 89: 1481–1488.
Chetri M., Chapagain N.R. and Neupane B.D. 2006. Flowers of Mustang: A Pictorial Guide Book. Kathmandu, Nepal: National Trust for Nature Conservation, Annapurna Conservation Area Project, Upper Mustang Biodiversity Conservation Project. Pp. 196.
Chhetri D.R., Basnet D., Chiu P.F., Kalikotay S., Chhetri G. and Parajuli S. 2005. Current Status of Ethnomedicinal Plants in the Darjeeling Himalaya. Current Science 89: 264–268.
Department of Forest. 2004. Our Forest. Kathmandu, Nepal: Department of Forest, Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation. Pp. 211. (In Nepali)
Dhar U., Rawal R.S. and Upreti J. 2000. Setting Priorities for Conservation of Medicinal Plants — a Case Study in the Indian Himalaya. Biological Conservation 95: 57–65.
Egli M., Mirabella A., Sartari G., Zanelli R. and Bischof S. 2006. Effect of North and South Exposure on Weathering Rate and Clay Mineral Formation in Alpine Soil. Catena 67: 155–174.
Gao L., Wei X. and Yang L. 2004. A New Diterpenoid Alkaloid from a Tibetan Medicinal Herb Aconitum naviculare Stapf. Journal of Chemical Research No. 4: 307–308.
Ghimire S.K., Sah J.P., Shrestha K.K. and Bajracharya D. 1999. Ecological Study of some High Altitude Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in the Gyasumdo valley, Manang, Nepal. Ecoprint 6: 17–25.
Ghimire S.K., McKey D. and Aumeeruddy-Thomas Y. 2005. Conservation of Himalayan Medicinal Plants: Harvesting Patterns and Ecology of two Threatened Species, Nardostachys grandiflora DC. and Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora (Pennell) Hong. Biological Conservation 124: 463–475.
Grunwald J. and Buttel K. 1996. The European Phytotherapeuticc Market. Drug Made in Germany 39:6–11.
Gupta PK. 2000. Methods in Environmental Analysis: Water, Soil and Air. New Delhi, India: Agrobios (India). Pp. 409.
Hagen T. 1969. Report on the Geological Survey of Nepal. Vol 1: Preliminary Reconnaissance. Zurich, Switzerland: Denkschrift der Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 86/1. Orell Füssli. 185 p. + 5 plates + 136 figures.
Hamilton A. 2003. Medicinal Plants and Conservation: Issues and Approaches. Surrey, UK: International Plant Conservation Unit, WWF-UK. Pp. 51.
IUCN Nepal. 2004. A Review of the Status and Threats to Wetlands of Nepal. Kathmandu: IUCN Nepal. Pp. 80.
Kala C. 2000. Status and Conservation of Rare and Endangered Medicinal Plants in the Indian Trans-Himalaya. Biological Conservation 93: 371–379.
Kala C. 2005. Indigenous Uses, Population Density and Conservation of Threatened Medicinal Plants in Protected Areas of the Indian Himalayas. Conservation Biology 19: 368–376.
Körner Ch. 2003. Alpine Plant Life: Functional Plant Ecology of High Mountain Ecosystems. 2nd edition. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. Pp. 344.
Körner Ch. 2007. Climate Treelines: Conventions, Global Patterns, Causes. Erdkunde 61: 316–324.
Lama Y.C., Ghimire S.K. and Aumeeruddy-Thomas Y. 2001. Medicinal Plants of Dolpo: Amchis’ Knowledge and Conservation. Kathmandu: WWF Nepal Program. Pp. 150.
Larcher W. 1995. Physiological Plant Ecology, 3rd ed. Berlin (Germany): Springer Verlaag. Pp. 493.
Manandhar N.P. 2002. Plants and People of Nepal. Oregon, USA: Timber Press Inc. Pp. 599.
MFSC. 2002. Nepal Biodiversity Strategy. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation (MFSC), His Majesty’s Government of Nepal. Pp. 170.
Miehe G., Winiger M., Böhner J. and Zhang Y. 2001. The climate diagram map of High Asia: purpose and concepts. Erdkunde 55: 94–95.
Mulliken T. 2000. Implementing CITES for Himalayan Medicinal Plants Nardostachys grandiflora and Picrorhiza kurrooa. TRAFFIC Bulletin 18: 63–72.
Ohba H., Iokawa Y. and Sharma L.R. (eds). 2008. Flora of Mustang, Nepal. Tokyo, Japan: Kodansha Scientific Ltd., Shinjuku-ku. Pp. 506.
Ôke T.R. 1987. Boundary Layer Climate. New York, USA: Metheuen and Co. Pp. 435.
Olsen C.S. 2005. Trade and Conservation of Himalayan Medicinal Plants: Nardostachys grandiflora DC. and Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora (Pennell) Hong. Biological Conservation 125: 505–514.
Olsen C.S. and Larsen H.O. 2003. Alpine Medicinal Plant Trade and Himalayan Mountain Livelihood Strategies. The Geographical Journal 169: 243–254.
Pérez F.L. 1998. Conservation of Soil Moisture by Different Stone Covers on Alpine Talus Slopes (Lassen, California). Catena 33: 155–177.
Pohle P. 1990. Useful Plants of Manang Districts: A Contribution to the Ethnobotany of the Nepal Himalayas. Stuttgart, Germany: Nepal Research Center Publication No 16, Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden GmbH. Pp. 65.
Polunin O. and Stainton A. 2000. Flowers of the Himalayas. 4th Impression. New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press. 518 p + 128 plates.
Schippmann U., Leaman D.J. and Cunningham A.B. 2002. Impact of Cultivation and Gathering of Medicinal Plants on Biodiversity: Global Trends and Issues. In: FAO (ed.) Biodiversity and the Ecosystem Approach in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Satellite Events on the Occasion of the Ninth Regular Session on the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Interdepartmental Working Group on Biological Diversity. October 12–13, 2002 Rome. Pp. 21.
Shrestha B.B., Jha P.K. and Gewali M.B. 2007a. Ethnomedicinal Use and Distribution of Aconitum naviculare (Bruhl) Stapf. in upper Manang, Nepal. In: RP Chaudhary, TH Aase, OR Vetaas and BP Subedi (eds.) Local Effects of Global Changes in the Himalayas: Manang, Nepal. Kathmandu: Tribhuvan University (Nepal) and University of Bergen (Norway). Pp. 171–181.
Shrestha B.B., Ghimire B.K., Lekhak H.D. and Jha P.K. 2007b. Regeneration of Treeline Birch (Betula utilis D.Don) Forest in a Trans-Himalayan Dry Valley in Central Nepal. Mountain Research and Development 27: 259–267. doi:10.1659/ mrdd.0784.
Shrestha B.B., Gewali M.B. and Jha P.K. 2007c. Ecology of Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora (Pennell) Hong. Growing under Different Land Uses in a Trans-Himalayan Dry Valley of Central Nepal. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 33: 233–241.
SPSS 2002. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 11.5, USA: SPSS Inc.
Stainton A. 1997. Flowers of the Himalayas: A Supplement. Delhi, India: Oxford University Press. 86 p+128 plates
Uniyal S.K., Kumar A., Lal B. and Singh R.D. 2006. Quantitative Assessment and Traditional Uses of High Value Medicinal Plants in Chhota Bhangal Area of Himanchal Pradesh, Western Himalaya. Current Science 91: 1238–1242.
Vetaas O.R. 2007. Global Change and its Effect on Glaciers and Cultural Landscape: Historical and Future Considerations. In: RP Chaudhary, TH Aase, OR Vetaas and BP Subedi (eds.) Local Effects of Global Changes in the Himalayas: Manang, Nepal. Kathmandu: Tribhuvan University (Nepal) and University of Bergen (Norway). Pp. 23–39.
Yimer F., Ledin S. and Abdelkadir A. 2006. Soil organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen Stocks as Affected by Topographic Aspect and Vegetation in the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. Geoderma 135: 335–344.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shrestha, B.B., Jha, P.K. Habitat range of two alpine medicinal plants in a trans-Himalayan dry valley, Central Nepal. J. Mt. Sci. 6, 66–77 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-009-0209-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-009-0209-1