Skip to main content
Log in

Current advances in mycorrhization in microporopagation

  • Published:
In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Mycorrhization of in vitro-propagated plantlets is having a ‘positive impact’ on their posttransplanting performance. Different aspects of the technology, such as the need for improvement, sereening bioassays for selection of the most effective strains, and determination of the multiple role played by mycorrhiza, are discussed. Various constraints pertaining to the utilization of this technology and their possible solutions, such as the use of mixed cultures and aspects of technology transfer are also reviewed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abbott, L. K.; Robson, A. D. Growth of subterranean clover in relation to formation of endomycorrhizas by introduced and indigenous fungi in a field soil. New Phytol. 81:575–585; 1978.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abbott, L. K.; Robson, A. D.; Gazey, C. Selection of inoculant vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In: Norris, J. R. et al., eds. Methods in microbiology, vol. 24. London: Academic Press; 1992:89–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrade, G.; De Leij, F. A. A. M.; Lynch, J. M. Plant mediated interactions between Pseudomonas fluorescences, Rhizobium leguminosarum and arbuscular mycorrhizae on pea. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 26:311–316; 1998.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ari, J.; Trappe, J. M. Dark septate root endophytes—where are they and what do they do? Second International Conference on Mycorrhiza, Uppasal, Sweden; 1998:93.

  • Arias, I.; Cargeeg, R. E. P. Vaminoc®—a commercial VA mycorrhizal inoculant. International Symposium on Management of Mycorrhizas in Agriculture, Horticulture and Forestry, Perth; 1992:105.

  • Arines, J.; Ballester, A. Mycorrhization of micropropagated Prunus avium l. plantlets. In Micropropagation, root regeneration, and mycorrhizas. Joint meeting between COST 87 and COST 8.10, Dijon, France; 1992:45.

  • Azcon-Aguilar, C.; Barcelo, A.; Vidal, M. T.; de la Vina, G. Further studies on the influence of mycorrhizae on growth and development of micropropagated avocado plants. Agronomic 12:837–840; 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Azcon-Aguilar, C.; Cantos, M.; Troncoso, A.; Barea, J. M. Beneficial effect of arbuscular mycorrhizas on acclimatization of micropropagated plantlets. Sci. Hortic. 72:63–71; 1997.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Azcon-Aguilar, C.; Encina, C. L.; Azcon, R.; Barea, J. M. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizse on growth and development of Annona cherimola micropropagated plants. Agric. Sci. Finl. 3:281–288; 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Azcon-Aguilar, C.; Padilla, I. G.; Encina, C. L.: Azcon, R.: Barea, J. M. Mycorrhizal inoculation (Glomas deserticola) enhances plant growth and changes root system morphology in micropropagated Annona cherimola Mill. In: Novel biotechnological approaches to plant production: from sterile root to mycorrhizosphere. Joint COST meeting 8.21. Pisa, Italy; 1996:21.

  • Bagyaraj, D. J. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza: application in agriculture. In: Norris, J. R.; Read, D. J.; Varma, A. K., eds. Methods in microbiology, vol. 24. London: Academic Press, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich; 1992:450.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becard, G.; Fortin, J. A. Early events of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza formation on Ri-T-DNA transformed roots. New Phytol. 108:211–218; 1988.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Becard, G.; Piche, Y. Physiological factors determining vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae formation in host and non-host Ri T-DNA transformed roots. Can. J. Bot. 68:1260–1264; 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becard, G.; Piche, Y. Establishment of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza in root-organ culture; review and proposed methodology. In: Norris, et al., eds. Methods in microbiology, vol. 24. London: Academic Press; 1992;89–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biancitto, V.; Minerdi, D.; Perotto, S.; Bonafante, P. Attachment of rhizosphere bacteria to the cell surface of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In Novel biotechnological approaches to plant production: from sterile root to mycorrhizosphere. Joint COST meeting 8.21, Pisa, Italy, 1996:16.

  • Blake, R. C. H.; Choate, D. M.; Bardhan, S.; Revis, N.; Barton, L. L.; Zocco, T. G. Chemical transformation of toxic metals by Pseudomonas strain from a toxic waste site. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12:1365–1376; 1993.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blal, B. Use of Am inoculum from nursey into field. In: Gianinazzi, S.; Schuepp, H., eds. Arbuscular mycorrhizas in sustainable soil-plant systems. Cost Action 821, Report of 1997 activities, Iceland; 1998:158.

  • Blal, B.; Morel, C.; Gianinazzi-Pearson, V.; Fardeau, J. C.; Gianinazzi, S. Influence of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae on phosphate fertilizer efficiency in two tropical acid soils planted with micropropagated oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Biol. Fertil. Soils 9:43–48; 1990.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bouhired, L.; Gianinazzi, S.; Gianinazzi-Pearson, V. Influence of endomycorrhizal inoculation on the growth of Phoenix dactyfera. In: Micropropagation, root regeneration and mycorrhizas. Joint meeting between Cost 87 and Cost 8.10, Dijon, France; 1992;53.

  • Branzanti, B.; Gianinazzi-Pearson, V.; Gianinazzi, S. Influence of phosphate fertilization on the growth and the nutrient status of micropropagated apple infected with endomycorrhizal fungi during the weaning stage. Agronomie 12:841–846; 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Budi, S. W.; Cordier, C.; Trouvelot, A.; Gianinazzi-Pearson, V.; Gianinazzi, S.; Blal, B.; Lemonie, M. C. Arbuscular mycorrhiza as a way of promoting sustainable growth of micropropagated plantlets. Sympostium on plant biotechnology as a tool for the exploitation of mountain lands 457:71–77; 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cargeeg, R. D. P. VaminocTM—a commercial VA mycorrhizal inoculant. I: Micropropagation, root regeneration and mycorrhizas. Joint meeting beteen COST 87 and COST 8.10, Dijon, France; 1992:39.

  • Cassells, A. C.; Mark, G. L.; Periappuram, C. Estalishment of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in autotrophic strawberry cultures in vitro. Comparison with inoculation of microplants in vivo. Agronomic 16:625–632: 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cazres, E.; Trappe, J. M. Vesicular endophytes in roots of the Pinaceae. Mycorrhiza 2:153–156; 1993.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chabot, S.; Becard, G.; Piche, Y. Life cycle of Glomus intraradices in root organ culture. Mycologia 84:315–321; 1992a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chabot, S.; Bel Rhild, R.; Chenevert, R.; Piche, Y. Hyphal growth promotion in vitro of the VA mycorrhizal fungus, Gigaspora margarita Becker and Hall, by activity of structurally specific flavonoid compounds under CO2-enriched conditions. New Phytol. 122:461–467; 1992b.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, C.; Mosse, B. Plant growth responses to vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae. XII. Field inoculation responses of barley at two soil P levels. New Phytol. 87:695–703; 1981.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conner, A. J.; Thomas, M. B. Re-establishing plants from tissue-culture: a review. Plant Propagator's Soc. Proc. 31:342–357; 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cordier, C.; Trouvelot, A.; Gianinazzi, S.; Gianinazzi-Pearson, V. Arbuscular mycorrhiza technology applied to micropropagated Prunus avium and to protection against Phytophythora cinnamoni. Agronomie 16:679–688; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniels, B. A.; McCool, P. M.; Menge, J. A. Comparative inoculum potential of spores of six vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol. 89:385–391; 1981.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Declerck, S.; Angelo Van Coppenolle, M. G. Cryopreservation of entrapped monoaxenically produced spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol. (in press); 2000.

  • Declerck, S.; Devos, B.; Devaux, B.; Plenchette, C. Growth response of micropropagated banana plants to VAM inoculation. Fruits 49:103–109; 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Declerek, S.; Strullu, D. G.; Planchette, C. In vitro mass-production of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus versiforme, associated with Ri T-DNA transformed carrot roots. Mycol. Res. 100:1237–1242; 1996a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Declerck, S.; Strullu, D. G.; Plenchette, G. Monoxenic culture of the intraradical forms of Glomus sp. isolated from a tropical ecosystem: a proposed methodology for germplasm collection. Mycologia 90:579–585; 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Declerck, S.; Strullu, D. G.; Plenchette, C.; Guillemette, T. Entrapment of in vitro produced spores Glomus versiforme in alginate beads in vitro and in vivo inoculum potentials. J. Biotechnol. 48:51–57; 1996b.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dodd, J. C. Production, screening and selection of AMF for restoration of degraded ecosystems: examples and suggestions In: Gianinazzi, S.; Schuepp, H., eds. Arbuscular mycorrhizas in sustainable soil-plant systems. Cost Action 821, Report of 1997 activities. Iceland; 1998:151.

  • Dolcet-Sanjuan, R.; Claveria, E.; Camprubi, A.; Estaun, V.; Calvet, C. Micropropagation of walnut trees (Juglans regia. L.) and response to arbuscular myocrrhizal inoculation. Agronomie 16:639–645; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doud-Miller, D.; Domoto, P. A.; Walker, C. Colonization and efficacy of different endomycorrhizal fungi with apple seedlings at two phosphorus levels. New Phytol 100:393–402; 1985.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duchesne, L. C. Role of ectomycorrhizal fungi in biocontrol. In: Pfleger, F. L.; Linderman, R. G., eds. Mycorrhizae and plant health. St. Paul, MN: APS Press, The American Phytopathological Society; 1994:344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eddy, D. Micronutrients and specially fertilizers. Fruit Growers 119:912: 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elmeskaoui, A.; Damont, J.; Poulin, M.; Piche, Y.; Desjardins, Y. A tripartite culture system for endomycorrhizal inoculation of micropropagated strawberry plantlets in vitro. Mycorrhiza 5:313–319; 1995.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fortuna, P.; Citernesi, S.; Morini, S.; Giovannetti, M.; Loreti, F. Infectivity and effectiveness of different species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in micropropagated plants of Mr S2/5plum rootstock. Agronomie 12:825–830; 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furlan, V.; Bartschi, H.; Fortin, J. A. Media for density gradient extraction of endomycorrhizal spores. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 75:336–338; 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gange, A. C.; Ayres, R. L. On the relation between arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization and plant ‘benefit’. Oikos 87:615–621; 1999.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garbaye, J.; Klett, P.; Karabaghli, C. Mycorrhiza helper bacteria: what is new about the mechanisms? In: Novel biotechnological approaches to plant production: from sterile root to mycorrhizophere. Joint COST meeting 8.21, Pisa, Italy; 1996:13.

  • Gay, G.; Bartschi, H.: Grange, O. Ectomycorrhizal fungi as a tool to enhance rooting of micropropagated cuttings. In: Micropropagation, root regeneration, and mycorrhizas. Joint meeting between COST 87 and COST 8.10, Dijon, France; 1992:43

  • Gemma, J. N.; Koske, R. E. Pre-infection interactions between roots and the mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora gigantea: chemotropism of germ tubes and root growth response. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 91:123–132; 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gervais, R.; Declerck, S.; Dufey, J.; Delvaux, B. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi might alleviate aluminium toxicity in banana plants. New Phytol (in press); 2000.

  • Gianinazzi, S.; Gianinazzi-Pearson, V. Mycorrhizae; a plant's health insurance. Chimia Oggi, Octobre, France. 56–58; 1988.

  • Gianinazzi, S.; Trouvelot, A.; Gianinazzi-Pearson, V. Role and use of mycorrhizas in horticultural crop production 23. I.H.C. plenary lectures. Int. Soc. Horticult. Sci. 25–30; 1990.

  • Gildon, A.; Tinker, P. B. Interactions of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection and heavy metals in plants. I. The effects of heavy metals on the development of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizas. New Phytol. 95:247–261; 1983.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grange, O.; Bartschi, H.; Gay, G. Effect of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrospermum on in vitro rooting of micropropagated cuttings of arbuscular mycorrhiza-forming Prunnus avium and Prunus cerasus. Trees Struct. Funet. 12:49–56; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Granger, R. L.; Planchette, C.; Fortin, J. A. Effect of a vesicular-arbuscular (VA) endomycorrhizal fungus (Glomus epigaeum) on the growth and leaf mineral content of two apple clones propagated in vitro. Can. J. Plant Sci. 63:551–555; 1983.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gribaudo, I.; Schubert, A. Grapevine root transformation with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Vitis (special issue):412–418; 1990.

  • Gribaudo, I.; Schubert, A.; Camino, C. Establishment of grapevine axenic root lines by inoculation with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Adv. Hort. Sci. 9:87–91; 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gribaudo, I.; Zanelti, R.; Morte, M. A.; Previati, A.; Schubert, A. Development of mycorrhizal infection in in vitro and in vivo formed roots of woody fruit plants. Agronomie 16:621–624; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gryndler, M.; Hrselova, H.; Vejsadova, H.; Jandurova, O.; Vit, A.; Vosatka, M.; Prikryl, Z.; Vancura, V. The present state of application of VA mycorrhizal fungi on micropropagated Fragaria sp. plants in Czechoslovakia. In: Micropropagation, root regeneration, and mycorrhizas. Joint meeting between COST 87 and COST 8.10, Dijon, France; 1993;46.

  • Guillemin, J. P.; Gianinazzi, S.; Trouvelot, A. Screening of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for establishment of micropropagated pineapple plants. Agronomie 12:831–836; 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haas, J. H.; Krikun, J. Efficacy of endomycorrhizal fungus isolates and inoculum qualities required for growth response. New Phytol. 100:613–621; 1985.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harley, J. L. Introduction: the state of art. In: Norris, J. R. et al. eds. Methods in microbiology, vol. 24. London: Academic Press; 1991:1–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayman, D. S. The physiology of VA endomycorrhizal symbiosis. Can. J. Bot. 61:944–963; 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hepper, C. M. Germination and growth of Glomus caledonium spores: the effects of inhibitors and nutrients. Soil Biol. Biochem. 11:269–277; 1978.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hepper, C. M.; Smith, G. A. Observation on the germination of Endogone spores. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 66:189–194; 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hindav, R.; Mondal, N.; Paul, J.; Rai, M.K.; Kumari, M.; Sahay, N.; Sharma, J.; Singh, A.; Sudha; Varma, A. One kilo tropical soil =1 kilo gold: this is microbial science. In: Varma, A., ed. Microbes for health, wealth and sustainable environment. New Delhi: Malhotra Publishing House; 1998:840.

    Google Scholar 

  • Honrubia, M.; Morete, M. A. Mycorrhization of micropropagated plants of Tetraclinis articulata and Helianthemum almeriense. In: Micropropagation, root regeneration, and mycorrhizas. Joint meeting between COST 87 and COST 8.10, Dijon, France; 1992:45.

  • Jaizme-Vega, M. C. VAM inoculation of micropropagated banana plantlets (Musa acuminata Colla AAA). In: Micropropagation, root regeneration, and mycorrhizas. Joint meeting between COST 87 and COST 8.10, Dijon, France, 1992:44.

  • Johnson, N. C.; McGraw, A. C. Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae in taconite tailings.I. Incidence and spread of endogonaceous fungi following reclamation. Agric. Ecosystems Environ. 21:135–142; 1988.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jumpponen, A.; Trappe, J. M. Dark septate endophytes: a review of facultative biotrophic root-colonizing fungi. New Phytol. 140:295–310; 1998.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karagiannidis, N.; Hadjisavva-Zinoviadi, S. The mycorrhizal fungus Glomus enhances growth, yield, and chemical composition of a durum wheat variety in 10 different soils. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 52:1–7; 1998.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lemoine, M. C.; Gianinazzi, S.; Gianinazzi-Pearson, V. Application of endomycorrhizae to commercial production of Rhododendron microplants. Agronomie 12:881–885; 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linderman, R. G. Role of VAM fungi in biocontrol. In: Pfleger, F. L.; Linderman, R. G., eds. Mycorrhizae and plant health. St. Paul, MN: APS Press, The American Phytopathological Society; 1994:344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovato, P. E.; Gianinazzi-Pearson, V.; Trouvelot, A.; Gianinazzi, S. The state of mycorrhizas and micropropagation. Adv. Hort. Sci. 10:46–52; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovato, P.; Guillemin, J. P.; Gianinazzi, S. Application of commercial arbuscular endomycorrhizal fungal inoculants to the establishment of micropropagated grapevine rootstock and pineapple plants. Agronomie 12:673–880; 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald, R. M. The occurrence of some acid phosphatase and dehydrogenases in the vesicular arbuscular fungus Glomus mosseae. New Phytol. 89:87–93; 1981.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mark, G. I.; Hooker, J. E.; Hahn, A.; Wheeler, C. T. In vitro culture of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and Frankia for inoculation of Casuarina equisetifolia L. Can. J. Bot. Rev. Can. Bot. 77:1391–1397; 1999.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martins, A.; Barroso, J.; Pais, M. S. Effect of ectomycorrhizal fungi on survival and growth of micropropagated plants and seedlings of Castanea sativa mill. Mycorrhiza 6:265–270; 1996.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mehrotra, V. S. Arbuscular mycorrhizal associations of plants colonizing coalmine spoil in India. J. Agric. Sci. 130:125–133; 1998.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mencuccini, M.; Corona, C.; Mariotti, M. Plant regeneration and first attempt of in vitro genetic improvement of olive (cv Moraiolo). Acta Hort. 300:261–264; 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mencuccini, M.; Micheli, M.; Angiolillo, A.; Baldoni, L.; Frugis, G.; Mariotti, D. Agrobacterium-mediated DNA transfer in olive callus (Olea europaea L). Adv. Hort. Sci. 13:25–28; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mertz, S. M.; Heithaus, J. J., III; Bush, R. L. Mass production of axenic spores of the endomycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora margarita. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 72:167–169; 1979.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller-Wideman, M. A.; Watrud, L. S. Sporulation of Gigaspora margarita on root cultures of tomato. Can. J. Microbiol. 30:642–646; 1984.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra, R. R.; Sharma, G. D.; Gatphoh, A. R. Mycorrhizas in ferns of North-Eastern India. Proc. Indian Natl. Acad. B46:546–551; 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mleczko, P.; Michal, R.; Katarzyna, T. Identification of Pinus sylvestris mycorrhizas from zinc wastes. Second International Conference on Mycorrhizae, Uppsala, Sweden; 1998:121.

  • Morandi, D.; Gianinazzi, S.; Gianinazzi-Pearson, V. Interet de l'endomycorrhization dans la reprise et la croissance des framboisiers issus de multiplication vegetative in vitro. Ann. Amelior. Plant 29:23–30; 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morte, M. A.; Diaz, G.; Honrubia, M. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation on micropropagated Tetraclinis articulata growth and survival. Agronomie 16:633–637; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mosse, B. The establishment of vesicular-arbuscular under asceptic conditions. J. Gen. Microbiol. 27:509–520; 1962.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mosse, B.; Hepper, C. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infections in root organ cultures. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 5:215–223; 1975.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mugnier, J.; Mosse, B. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in transformed root-inducing T-DNA roots grown axenically. Phytopath. 77:1045–1050; 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murashige, T.; Skoog, F. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant. 15:473–497; 1962.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naqvi, N. S.; Mukerji, K. G. Mycorrhization of micropropagated Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. Symbiosis 24:103–113; 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nowak, J. Benefits of in vitro biotization of plant tissue cultures with microbial inoculants. In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. Plant. 34:122–130; 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Gara, F. The biotechnology and ecology of rhizosphere microorganisms. In: Novel biotechnological approaches to plant production: from sterile root to mycorrhizospher. Joint COST meeting 8.21, Pisa, Italy; 1996:11.

  • Pawlowska, T. E.; Douds, D. D.; Charvat, I. In vitro propagation and life cycle of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus etunicatum. Mycol. Res. 103:1549–1556; 1999.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfleger, F. L.; Stewart, E. L.; Noyd, R. K. Role of VAM fungi in mine land revegetation. In: Pfleger, F. L.; Linderman, R. G., eds. Mycorrhizae and plant health. St. Paul, MN: APS Press, The American Phytopathological Society; 1994:344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plenchette, C.; Declerck, S.; Diop, T. A.; Strullu, D. G. Infectivity of monoxenic subcultures of the AM fungus Glomus versiforme associated with Ri T-DNA transformed carrot roots. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 46:545–548; 1996.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plenchette, C.; Furlan, V.; Fortin, A. Effects on different endomycorrhizal fungi on five host plants grown on calcinated montmorillonite clay. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 107:535–538; 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plenchette, C.; Furlan, V.; Fortin, A. Responses of endomycorrhizal plants grown in calcinated montmorillonite clay to different levels of phosphorus. I. Effect on growth and mycorrhizal development. Can. J. Bot. 61:1377–1383; 1983.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pons, F.; Gianinazzi-Pearson, V. Influence of phosphorus, du potassium, de l'azote et du pH sur le comportement in vitro de champignons endomycorhizogans e vesicles et arbuscules. Cryptogamie Mycologie 5:87–100; 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pons, F.; Gianinazzi-Pearson, V.; Gianinazzi, S.; Navavatel, J. C. Studies of VA mycorrhizae in vitro: mycorrhizal synthesis of axenically propagated wild cherry (Prunus avium L.) plants. Plant Soil 71:217–221; 1983.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ponton, F.; Piche, Y.; Parent, S.; Caron, M. Use of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae in Boston fern production. II. Evaluation of four incocula. Hort Sci. 25:416–419; 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puthur, J. T.; Prasad, K. V. S. K.; Sharmila, P.; Saradhi, P. P. Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improves establishment of micropropagated Leucaena leucocephala plantlets. Plant Cell Tiss. Organ Cult. 53:41–47; 1998.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rajan, S. K.; Reddy, B. J. D.; Bagyaraj, D. J. Screening of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for their symbiotic efficiency with Tectona grandis. For. Ecol. Manage. 126:91–95; 1999.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rancillac, M.; Cadoux, F.; Leduc, D.; Kahane, R. Improvement of a protocol to establish in vitro arbuscular mycorrhizal strains with vitro bulbs of onion, Allium cepa L. In: Novel biotechnological approaches to plant production: from sterile root to mycorrhizosphere. Joint COST meeting 8.21. Pisa, Italy; 1996:32.

  • Rapparini, F.; Bertazza, G.; Baraldi, R. Growth and carbohydrate status of Pyrus communis L. plantlests inoculated with Glomus sp. Agronomie 16:653–661; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ravolanirina, F.; Blal, B.; Gianinazzi, S.; Gianinazzi-Pearson, V. Mise au point d'une methode rapide d'endomycorhization de vitro plants. Fruits 44:165–170; 1989b.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ravolanirina, F.; Gianinazzi, S.; Trouvelot, A.; Carre, M. Production of endomycorrhizal explants of micropropagated grapevine rootstocks. Agriculture, Ecosyst. Envir. 29:323–327; 1989a.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reddy, M. S.; Satyanarayana, T. Ectomycorrhizal formation in micropropagated plantlests of Populus deltoides. Symbiosis 25:343–348; 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudawska, M. L.; Kieliszewska, R. B. Mycorrhizal formation of Paxillus involutus strains in relation to their IAA-synthesizing activity. New Phytol. 137:509–517; 1997.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Safir, G. R. Involvement of cropping systems, plant produced compounds, and inoculum production in the functioning of VAM fungi. In: Pflezer, F. L.; Linderman, R. G., eds. Mycorrhizae and plant health. St. Paul, MN: APS Press, The American Phytopathological Society; 1994:239–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salamanca, C. P.; Herea, M. A.; Barea, J. M. Mycorrhizal inoculation of micropropagated woody legumes used in revegetation programmes for desertified Mediterranean ecosystems. Agronomie 12:869–872; 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sbrana, C.; Vitagliano, C.; Avio, L.; Giovanneti, M. Influence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae on transplant stress of micropropagated apple and peach rootstocks. In: Micropropagation, root regeneration, and mycorrhizas. Joint meeting between COST 87 and COST 8.10, Dijon, France; 1992:51.

  • Schubert, A.; Bodrino, C.; Gribaudo, I. Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation of Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) micropropagated plants. Agronomie 12:847–850; 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schubert, A.; Cammarata, S. Effect of inoculation with different endophytes on growth and P nutrition of grapevine plants grown in pots. In: Gianinazzi-Pearson, V.; Gianinazzi, S., eds. Mycorrhizae: physiology and genetics. Paris: INRA; 1986:327–331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schubert, A.; Mazzitelli, M.; Ariusso, O.; Eynard, I. Effects of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on micropropagated grapevines: influence of endophyte strain, P fertilization and growth medium. Vitis 29:5–13; 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schubert, A.; Mazzitelli, M.; Gribaudo, I. Effect of inoculation with vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on micropropagated Vitis berlandieri ×V. rifaria Kober 5 BB. Proc. Symp. Florizel. Arlon (Belgium) 87:144–153; 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siddiqui, Z. A.; Mahmood, I. Effect of a plant growth promoting bacterium, an AM fungus and soil types on the morphometrics and reproduction of Meloidogyne javanica on tomato. Appl. Soil Ecol. 8:77–84; 1998.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sieber, T. N.; Karin, A.; Holdenrieder, O. Endophytic dark septate hyphomycetes (DSH) in non-ectomycorrhizal tree and shrub roots—frequency and diversity. Second International Conference on Mycorrhiza, Uppsala, Sweden; 1998:158.

  • Sieverding, E. Should VAM inocula contain single or several species? Agric. Ecosystems Environ. 29:369–390; 1989.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Souza, C. A. S.; Siqueira, J. O.; Oliveria, E.; Carvalho, J. G. Development and nutrient levels of coffee seedlings inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi. Effects of organic matter and single superphosphate. Pesqui. Agropecu. Bras. 26:1989–2005; 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strullu, D. G.; Romand, C. Methode d'obtention d'endomycorhizes a vesicules et arbuscules en conditions axeniques. C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris III 303:245–250; 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strullu, D. G.; Romand, C. Culture axenique de vesicules isolees a partir d'endomycorrhizes et reassociation in vitro a des racines de tomate. C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris 305:15–19; 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sylvia, D. The promise (and obstacles) of AMF inoculation. In: Gianinazzi, S.; Schuepp, H., eds. Arbuscular mycorrhizas in sustainable soil-plant systems. Report of 1997 activities, Cost Action 821, Iceland; 1998:152.

  • Sylvia, D. M.; Williams, S. E. Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae and environmental stress. In: Benthlenfalvay, G. J.; Linderman, R. G., eds. Mycorrhizae and sustainable agriculture. Madison, WI: ASA special publication 54; 1994:124.

  • Tisserant, B.; Gianinazzi-Pearson, V. Micropropagation of Platanus×acerifolia (Willd.) and Post vitro VA endomycorrhization: problems and progress. In: Micropropagation, root regeneration, and mycorrhizas. Joint meeting between COST 87 and COST 8.10, Dijion, France; 1992: 48.

  • Tommerup, I. C.; Kidby, D. K. Production of aseptic spores of vesicular-arbuscular endophytes and their viability after chemical and physical stress. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 39:1111–1119; 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trouvelot, A.; Kough, J. L.; Gianinazzi-Pearson, V. Mesure du taux de mycorrhization VA d'un systeme radiculaire. Recherche de methods d'estimation ayant une signification fonctionnelle. In: Gianinazzi-Pearson, V.; Gianinazzi, S., eds. Physiological and general aspects of mycorrhizae. Paris: INRA; 1986:217–221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uosukainen, M.; Vestberg, M. Timing of AMF inoculation to microcuttings of crab apple cv. Margaritta. In: Novel biotechnological approaches to plant production: from sterile root to mycorrhizosphere. Joint COST meeting 8.21, Pisa, Italy; 1996:30.

  • Varma, A.; Schuepp, H. Infectivity and effectiveness of Glomus intraradices on micropropagated plants. Mycorrhiza 5:29–37; 1994a.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Varma, A.; Schuepp, H. Positive influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on in vitro raised Hortensia plantlets. Angew. Bot. 15:108–115; 1994b.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varma, A.; Schuepp, H. Mycorrhization of micropropagated plantlets. In: Adholeva, A.; Singh, S., eds. Mycorrhizae: biofertilizers for the future. New Delhi: Tata Energy Research Institute; 1995:322–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varma, A.; Verma, S.; Sudha; Sahay, N.; Britta, B.; Franken, P. Piriformospora indica—a cultivable plant growth promoting root endophyte with similarities to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. USA 65:2741–2744; 1999.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Varma, A. K. History of mycorrhizal research in India—current status. Indian J. Microbiol. 31:323–332; 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verma, R. K.; Jamaluddin, Association and activity of Arbuscular mycorrhizae of Teak (Tectona grandis) in Central India. Indian Forester 21:533–539; 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verma, S.; Varma, A.; Rexer, A. H.; Kost, G.; Sarbhoy, A.; Bisen, P.; Butehorn, B.; Franken, P. Piriformospora indica, gen. et. sp. nov., a new root colonizing fungus. Mycologia 90:896–903; 1998.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vestberg, M. VAM-inoculation of Finnish strawberry. In: Micropropagation, root regeneration, and mycorrhizas. Joint meeting between COST 87 and COST 8.10, Dijion, France; 1992:46.

  • Vestberg, M.; Estaun, V. Micropropagated plants, an opportunity to positively manage mycorrhizal activities. In: Gianinazzi, S.; Schuepp, H., eds. Impact of arbuscular mycorrhizas on sustainable agriculture and natural ecosystems. Basel: Birkhauser Verlag; 1994:217–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vestberg, M., Uosukainen, M. Effect of AMF inoculation on rooting and subsequent growth of cuttings and microcuttings of greenhouse rose Mercedes. In: Novel biotechnological approaches to plant production: from sterile root to mycorrhizosphere. Joint COST action 8.21 and 8.22, Pisa, Italy; 1996:46.

  • Vidal, M. T.; Azcon-Aguilar, C.; Barea, J. M. Mycorrhizal inoculation enhances growth and development of micropropagated plants of avocado. Hort. Sci. 27:785–787; 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Von, A. State of commercial use of AMF-inoculum in Germany. In: Gianinazzi S.; Schuepp, H., eds. Arbuscular mycorrhizas in sustainable soil-plant systems. Report of 1997 activities, Cost Action 821, Iceland; 1998:153.

  • Vosatka, M.; Gryndler, M.; Prikryl, Z. Effect of rhizosphere bacterium Pseudomonas putida, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and substrate composition on growth of strawberry. Agronomie 12:859–863; 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vosatka, M.; Jansa, J.; Regver, M.; Sramek, F.; Malcova, R. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi—a feasible biotechnology for horticulture. Phyton Annu. Rev. Bot. 39:219–224; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, P. G.; Roser, D. J.; Seppelt, R. D. Mycorrhizas of hepatics in continental Antarctica. Mycol. Res. 98:34–36; 1994.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, S.; Vestberg, M.; Uosukainen, M.; Dodd, J.; Jeffries, P. Incorporation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) into the weaning stage of strawberry micropropagation. In: Micropropagation, root regeneration, and mycorrhizas. Joint meeting between COST 87 and COST 8.10, Dijon, France; 1992:58.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. K. Rai.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Rai, M.K. Current advances in mycorrhization in microporopagation. In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Plant 37, 158–167 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-001-0028-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-001-0028-8

Key words

Navigation