Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Opportunities and challenges for mangrove carbon sequestration in the Mekong River Delta in Vietnam

  • Special Feature: Original Article
  • Sustainable Deltas: Livelihoods, Ecosystem Services, and Policy Implications
  • Published:
Sustainability Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Increasing value is attributed to mangroves due to their considerable capacity to sequester carbon, known as ‘blue carbon’. Assessments of opportunities and challenges associated with estimating the significance of carbon sequestered by mangroves need to consider a range of disciplinary perspectives, including the bio-physical science mangroves, social and economic issues of land use, local and international law, and the role of public and private finance. We undertook an interdisciplinary review based on available literature and fieldwork focused on parts of the Mekong River Delta (MRD). Preliminary estimates indicate mangrove biomass may be 70–150 t ha−1, but considerably larger storage of carbon occurs in sediments beneath mangroves. These natural stores of carbon are compromised when mangroves are removed to accommodate anthropogenic activities. Mangroves are an important resource in the MRD that supplies multiple goods and services, and conservation or re-establishment of mangroves provides many benefits. International law and within-country environmental frameworks offer increasing scope to recognize the role that mangrove forests play through carbon sequestration, in order that these might lead to funding opportunities, both in public and private sectors. Such schemes need to have positive rather than negative impacts on the livelihoods of the many people living within and adjacent to these wetlands. Nevertheless, many challenges remain and it will require further targeted and coordinated scientific research, development of economic and social incentives to protect and restore mangroves, supportive law and policy mechanisms at global and national levels, and establishment of long-term financing for such endeavours.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adger NW, Luttrell C (2000) Special issue: The values of wetlands: landscapes and institutional perspectives: property rights and the utilisation of wetlands. Ecol Econ 35:75–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alongi DM (2008) Mangrove forests: resilience, protection from tsunamis, and responses to global climate change. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 76:1–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alongi DM (2009) The energetics of mangrove forests. Springer, Dordrecht

    Google Scholar 

  • Alongi D, Clough B, Dixon P, Tirendi F (2003) Nutrient partitioning and storage in arid-zone forests of the mangroves Rhizophora stylosa and Avicennia marina. Trees 17:51–60

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Angelsen A, Brockhaus M, Sunderlin WD, Verchot LV (2012) Analysing REDD+: challenges and choices. Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor

    Google Scholar 

  • Anthony EJ (2014) Deltas. In: Masselink G, Gehrels WR (eds) Coastal environments and global change. Wiley, Chichester, pp 299–337

    Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin C, Twyford V (2006) Enhancing public participation on dams and development: the UNEP Challenge IAP2 (International Association for Public Participation)

  • Bao TQ (2011) Effect of mangrove forest structures on wave attenuation in coastal Vietnam. Oceanologia 53:807–818

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barbier EB, Hacker SD, Kennedy C, Koch EW, Stier AC, Silliman BR (2011) The value of estuarine and coastal ecosystem services. Ecol Monogr 81:169–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Be TT, Sinh BT, Miller F (2007) Literature analysis challenges to sustainable development in the Mekong Delta: regional and national policy issues and research needs. The Sustainable Mekong Research Network (Sumernet), Bangkok

    Google Scholar 

  • Binder CR, Absenger-Helmli I, Schilling T (2015) The reality of transdisciplinarity: a framework-based self-reflection from science and practice leaders. Sustain Sci 10:545–562

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Binh CH, Nam VN (2014) Carbon sequestration of Ceriops zippeliana in Can Gio mangroves. In: Chan HTC, Cohen M (eds) Studies in Can Gio Mangrove Biosphere Reserve, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam. Tohoku Gakuin University, Can Gio Mangrove Protection Forest Management Board and International Society fpr Mangrove Ecosystems (ISME), Tohoku Gakuin University, Sendai

    Google Scholar 

  • Binh TNK, Vromanti N, Hung NT, Hens L, Boon EK (2005) Land cover changes between 1968 and 2003 in Cai Nuoc, Ca Mau Peninsula, Vietnam. Env, Dev Sustain 7:519–536

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CARE (2009) Review of CARE’s Community Based Mangrove Reforestation And Management Project. CARE Australia, Hanoi

    Google Scholar 

  • Chettiparamb A (2007) Interdisciplinarity: a literature review, The Higher Education Academy (http://www.llas.ac.uk/resourcedownloads/2892/interdisciplinarity_literature_review.pdf). Accessed 10 June 2011

  • Chiem NH (1993) Geo-pedological study of the Mekong delta. Southeast Asian Stud 31:158–186

    Google Scholar 

  • Climate Friendly Pty ltd (2014) www.climatefriendly.com.au. Accessed 13 March 2014

  • Crooks S, Herr D, Tamelander J, Laffoley D, Vandever J (2011) Mitigating climate change through restoration and nanagement of coastal wetlands and near-shore marine ecosystems, environment department papers, Marine Ecosystem Series. World Bank, Washington, DC, pp 1–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Dang Hanh, Axel Michaelowa, Friso de Jong (2006) ‘From GHGs Abatement Potential to Viable CDM Projects-the Cases of Cambodia, Lao PDR and Vietnam’.http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/26121/1/re060259.pdf. Accessed 17 January 2014, p 39

  • Dasgupta S, Laplante B, Meisner C, Wheeler D, Yan J (2007) The impact of sea level rise on developing countries: a comparative analysis. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series 4136. Washington D.C

  • Dasgupta S, Laplante B, Meisner C, Wheeler D, Yan J (2009) The impact of sea level rise on developing countries: a comparative analysis. Clim Change 93(3):379–388

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Graaf GJ, Xuan TT (1998) Extensive shrimp farming, mangrove clearance and marine fisheries in the southern provinces of Vietnam. Mangroves Salt Marshes 2:159–166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donato DC, Kauffman JB, Murdiyarso D, Kurnianto S, Stidham M, Kanninen M (2011) Mangroves among the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics. Nat Geosci 4:293–297

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duarte CM, Losada IJ, Hendriks IE, Mazarrasa I, Marba N (2013) The role of coastal plant communities for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Nat Clim Chang 3:961–968

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duke N, Wilson N, Mackenzie J, Nguyen HH, Pullar D (2010) Assessment of Mangrove Forests, shoreline condition and feasibility for REDD in Kien Giang Province, Vietnam. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), pp 1–128

  • Ecosystem Marketplace (2014) “Sharing the stage: state of the voluntary carbon markets 2014”, a forest trends initiative. www.ecosystemmarketplace.com. Accessed March 2015

  • Erban LE, Gorelick SM, Zebker HA, Fendorf S (2013) Release of arsenic to deep groundwater in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, linked to pumping-induced land subsidence Proc. Natl Acad Sci USA 110:13751–13756

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erban LE, Gorelick SM, Zebker HA (2014) Groundwater extraction, land subsidence, and sea-level rise in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Environ Res Lett 9

  • Ericson JP, Vorosmarty CJ, Dingman SL, Ward LG, Meybeck M (2006) Effective sea-level rise and deltas: causes of change and human dimension implications. Glob Planet Chang 50:63–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher RJ (2014) Lessons learned from community forestry in Asia and their relevance for REDD+. USAID-supported Forest Carbon, Markets and Communities (FCMC) Program, Washington DC, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Gebhardt S, Nguyen LD, Kuenzer C (2012) Mangrove ecosystems in the Mekong Delta—overcoming uncertainties in inventory mapping using remote sensing data. In: Renaud F, Kuenzer C (eds) The Mekong Delta System: interdisciplinary analyses of a river delta. Springer, Netherlands, pp 315

  • Giri C, Ochieng E, Tieszen LL, Zhu Z, Singh A, Loveland T, Masek J, Duke N (2011) Status and distribution of mangrove forests of the world using earth observation satellite data. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 20:154–159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Global Environment Facility (2002) The challenge of sustainability, an action agenda for the global environment. Glob Environ Facil, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Gong W-K, Ong J-E (1990) Plant biomass and nutrient flux in a managed mangrove forest in Malaysia. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 31:519–530

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon D, Murray BC, Pendleton L, Victor B (2011) Financing options for blue carbon: opportunities and lessons from the REDD+ experience. Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions Report. Duke University, Durham

    Google Scholar 

  • Government of Vietnam (2007)‘Decision No 79/2007/QD-TTg of May 31, (2007) Approving the National Action Plan on Biodiversity up to 2010 and Orientations towards 2020 for Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety’ (2007. http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/vn/vn-nbsap-v2-en.pdf, arts 1(I)1.b, (II) 2

  • Ha TTT, van Dijk H, Bush SR (2012) Mangrove conservation or shrimp farmers livelihood? The devolution of forest management and benefit sharing in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Ocean Coast Manag 69:185–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hens L, Vromant N, Tho N, Hung NT (2009) Salination of surface water, groundwater, and soils in the shrimp farming areas of the coastal Cai Nuoc district, South Vietnam. Int J Environ Stud 66:69–81

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoa LTV, Nhan NH, Wolanski E, Cong TT, Shigeko H (2007) The combined impact on the flooding in Vietnams Mekong River delta of local man-made structures, sea level rise, and dams upstream in the river catchment. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 71:110–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kauffman JB, Heider C, Cole T, Dwire K, Donato D (2011) Ecosystem carbon stocks of micronesian Mangrove Forests. Wetlands 31:343–352

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krauss KW, McKee KL, Lovelock CE, Cahoon DR, Saintilan N, Reef R, Chen L (2014) How mangrove forests adjust to rising sea level. New Phytol 202:19–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuenzer C, Bluemel A, Gebhardt S, Quoc TV, Dech S (2011) Remote sensing of mangrove ecosystems: a review. Remote Sens 3:878–928

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larson AM, Brockhaus M, Sunderlin WD (2012) Tenure matters in REDD+: Lessons from the field. In: Angelsen A, Brockhaus M, Sunderlin WD, Verchot LV (eds) Analysing REDD+: challenges and choices. Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor

  • Li Z, Saito Y, Mao L, Tamura T, Li Z, Song B, Zhang Y, Lu A, Sieng S, Li J (2012) Mid-holocene mangrove succession and its response to sea-level change in the upper Mekong River delta, Cambodia. Quatern Res 78:386–399

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linh LH, Linh TH, Xuan TD, Ham LH, Ismail AM, Khanh TD (2012) Molecular breeding to improve salt tolerance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the Red River Delta of Vietnam. Int J Plant Genom 2012:1–9. doi:10.1155/2012/949038

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Locatelli T, Binet T, Kairo JG, King L, Madden S, Patenaude G, Upton C, Huxham M (2014) How blue carbon and payments for ecosystem services (PES) might help save mangrove forests. Ambio 43:981–995

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lovelock CE, Ruess RW, Feller IC (2011) CO2 Efflux from cleared mangrove peat. PLoS One 6:e21279

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mangrove for the Futures Secretariat (2015) “Shrimp farming: problem or solution?” International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Asia Regional Office. https://www.mangrovesforthefuture.org/news-and-media/news/viet-nam/2015/shrimp-farming-problem-or-solution/

  • Manh NV, Dung NV, Hung NN, Kummu M, Merz B, Apel H (2015) Future sediment dynamics in the Mekong Delta floodplains: impacts of hydropower development, climate change and sea level rise. Glob Planet Chang 127:22–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McEwin A, McNally R (2014) Organic shrimp certification and carbon financing: an assessment for the mangroves and markets in Ca Mau Province. Vietnam Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation Building and Nuclear Safety

    Google Scholar 

  • McLeod E, Chmura GL, Bouillon S, Salm R, Björk M, Duarte CM, Lovelock CE, Schlesinger WH, Silliman BR (2011) A blueprint for blue carbon: toward an improved understanding of the role of vegetated coastal habitats in sequestering CO2. Front Ecol Environ 9:552–560

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE) (2014) ‘Vietnam’s Fifth National Report to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity: Reporting Period 2009–2013’. http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/vn/vn-nr-05-en.pdf

  • MRC (2001) Mekong River basin physical, demographic and ecological characteristics. Phnom Penh, Mekong River Commission (MRC)

    Google Scholar 

  • My HHT (2014) Mangrove restoration: local participation and livelihood strategies Forest Asia Summit 2014, Jakarta, 5–6 May 2014, Retrieved from http://www.cifor.org/forestsasia/mangrove-restoration-local-participation-livelihood-strategies/

  • National Office for Climate Change and Ozon Protection (NOCCOP) (2015) http://www.noccop.org.vn/Data/profile/Airvariable_Projects_107676Tong%20hop%20cac%20du%20an%20CDM%20duoc%20EB%20dang%20ky%20-%20TA.pdf. Accessed 20 Oct 2015

  • Quang T Nguyen (2010)‘Land law reforms in Vietnam-past and present’, Asian Law Institute Working Paper Series No.015 (August 2010). http://law.nus.edu.sg/asli/pdf/WPS015.pdf. Accessed 16 Jan 2014, p 2

  • Nguyen VL, Ta TKO, Tateishi M (2000) Late Holocene depositional environments and coastal evolution of the Mekong River Delta, southern Vietnam. J Asian Earth Sci 18:427–439

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen HH, McAlpine C, Pullar D, Johansen K, Duke NC (2014) The relation of coastal mangrove changes and adjacent land-use: a review in Southeast Asia and Kien Giang, Vietnam. Ocean Coast Manag 90:1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orchard S, Stringer LC, Quinn C (2014) Exploring mangrove social-ecological system dynamics in South-East Asia: linking livelihoods, vulnerability and ecosystem services in Vietnam. Working Paper No. 169. Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy, Leeds

  • Orians GH, Pfeiffer E (1970) Ecological effects of the war in Vietnam. Science 168:544–554

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pendleton L, Donato DC, Murray BC, Crooks S, Jenkins WA, Sifleet S, Craft C, Fourqurean JW, Kauffman JB, Marba N, Megonigal P, Pidgeon E, Herr D, Gordon D, Baldera A (2012) Estimating global “blue carbon” emissions from conversion and degradation of vegetated coastal ecosystems. PLoS One. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043542

    Google Scholar 

  • Pham TT, Bennet K, Vu TP, Brunner J, Le ND, Nguyen DT (2013) Payments for forest environmental services in Vietnam: From policy to practice. Occasional Paper 93. Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR

  • Phan NH, Hoang TS (1993) Mangroves of Vietnam. IUCN, Bangkok

    Google Scholar 

  • Preston N, Clayton H (eds) (2003) Rice-shrimp farming in the Mekong Delta: biophysical and socioeconomic issues. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), Canberra

    Google Scholar 

  • Proske U, Hanebuth TJJ, Behling H, van Nguyen L, Ta TKO, Diem BP (2010) The palaeoenvironmental development of the northeastern Vietnamese Mekong River Delta since the mid Holocene. Holocene 20:1257–1268

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Proske U, Hanebuth TJJ, Gröger J, Diem BP (2011) Late Holocene sedimentary and environmental development of the northern Mekong River Delta, Vietnam. Quat Int 230:57–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quy PV, Nam VN (2014) Effects of thinning on CO2 absorption capacity of Rhizophora apiculata plantations in Can Gio Mangroves. In: Chan HTC, Cohen M (eds) Studies in Can Gio Mangrove Biosphere Reserve, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam. Tohoku Gakuin University, Can Gio Mangrove Protection Forest Management Board and International Society fpr Mangrove Ecosystems (ISME), Sendai

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin ZK, Kondolf GM, Carling PA (2014) Anticipated geomorphic impacts from Mekong basin dam construction. Int J River Basin Manag 13:105–121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stock P, Burton RJF (2011) Defining terms for integrated (multi-inter-trans-disciplinary) sustainability research, sustainability, vol 3, pp 1090–1113. http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/3/8/1090/htm

  • Ta TKO, Nguyen VL, Kobayashi I, Tateishi M, Saito Y (2001a) Late Pleistocene-Holocene Stratigraphy and Delta Progradation, the Mekong River Delta, South Vietnam. Gondwana Res 4(4):799–800

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ta TKO, Nguyen VL, Tateishi M, Kobayashi I, Saito Y (2001b) Sedimentary facies, diatom and foraminifer assemblages in a late Pleistocene—Holocene incised valley sequence from the Mekong river delta, Bentre Province, Southern Vietnam: the BT2 core. J Asian Earth Sci 20:83–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tamura T, Saito Y, Sieng S, Ben B, Kong M, Sim I, Choup S, Akiba F (2009) Initiation of the Mekong River delta at 8 ka: evidence from the sedimentary succession in the Cambodian lowland. Quatern Sci Rev 28:327–344

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tamura T, Saito Y, Bateman MD, Nguyen VL, Ta TKO, Matsumoto D (2012) Luminescence dating of beach ridges for characterizing multi-decadal to centennial deltaic shoreline changes during Late Holocene, Mekong River delta. Mar Geol 326–328:140–153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thanh HT, Huan PV (2009) Extreme values and rising tendencies of sea levels along Vietnam coast. VNU J Sci Earth Sci 25:116–124

    Google Scholar 

  • The Katoomba Group (2010) ‘REDD and Mangrove Forests in Vietnam: Legal Issues’. http://live.katoombagroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/VN-Mangrove-Legal-Summary.pdf. Accessed 17 Jan 2014, p 2

  • The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands (2014) ‘Contracting Parties to the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands’ (9 April 2014). http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-about-parties-parties/main/ramsar/1-36-123%5E23808_4000_0__

  • Tho N, Vromant N, Hung NT, Hens L (2008) Soil salinity and sodicity in a shrimp farming coastal area of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Environ Geol 54:1739–1746

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tue NT, Dung LV, Nhuan MT, Omori K (2014) Carbon storage of a tropical mangrove forest in Mui Ca Mau National Park, Vietnam. Catena 121:119–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • UNEP (2009a) “Blue carbon—the role of healthy oceans in binding carbon: a rapid response” United Nations Environmental Program, http://www.grida.no/publications/rr/blue-carbon/ebook.aspx

  • UNEP (2009b) Final Report of the South China Sea Project, 25 February 2009. http://www.unepscs.org/remository/startdown/2228.html. Accessed 25 Feb 2009

  • UNEP, CIFOR (2014) Guiding principles for delivering coastal wetland carbon projects. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya and Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor 57 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • GSO Vietnam (2010) Agriculture, forestry and fishery statistics. Ha Noi: General Statistics Office (GSO) of Vietnam. http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=469&idmid=3. Retrieved 16 April 2012

  • GSO Vietnam (2012a) Statistical data: administrative unit, land and climate. Ha Noi: General Statistics Office (GSO) of Vietnam. http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=466&idmid=3&ItemID=14195. Retrieved April 2014

  • GSO Vietnam (2012b). Statistical Data: population and employment. Ha Noi: General Statistics Office (GSO) of Vietnam. http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=467&idmid=3&ItemID=14459. Retrieved April 2014

  • GSO Vietnam (2013). Statistical data: population and employment. Ha Noi: General Statistics Office (GSO) of Vietnam. http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=467&idmid=3&ItemID=14459. Retrieved March 2015

  • Visseren-Hamakers IJ, Gupta A, Herold M, Peña-Claros M, Vijge MJ (2012) Will REDD+ work? The need for interdisciplinary research to address key challenges. Curr Opin Environ Sustain 4:590–596

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vo QT, Kunezer C, Vo QM, Moder F, Oppelt N (2012) Review of valuation methods for mangrove ecosystem services. Ecol Ind 23:431–446

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vo QT, Oppelt N, Leinenkugel P, Kuenzer C (2013) Remote sensing in mapping mangrove ecosystems—an object-based approach. Remote Sens 5:183–201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh JP, Nittrouer CA (2009) Understanding fine-grained river-sediment dispersal on continental margins. Mar Geol 263:34–45

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wassmann R, Hien NX, Hoanh CT, Tuong TP (2004) Sea level rise affecting the Vietnamese Mekong Delta: water elevation in the flood season and implications for rice production. Clim Chang 66:89–107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson N, Duke N, Nam V, Brown S (2012) Better than nothing: biomass and carbon storage in natural and planted mangroves in Kiên Giang Province, Viet Nam, Meeting on Mangrove ecology, functioning and Management (MMM3) 2–6 July 2012. Sri Lanka, Galle, p 188

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodroffe CD, Nicholls RJ, Saito Y, Chen Z, Goodbred SL (2006) Landscape variability and the response of Asian megadeltas to environmental change. In: Harvey N (ed) Global change and integrated coastal management: The Asia-Pacific Region. Springer, Berlin, pp 277–314

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • World Bank, IUCN, ESA PWA (2010) Capturing and conserving natural coastal carbon: building mitigation, advancing adaptation

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research was made possible by funding from the University of Wollongong Global Challenges Program and the Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security (ANCORS), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia

    Robin Warner & Yubing Shi

  2. School of Accounting, Economics and Finance, Faculty of Business, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia

    Mary Kaidonis

  3. School of Geography and Sustainable Communities, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia

    Olivia Dun

  4. School of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia

    Kerrylee Rogers, Thang T. X. Nguyen & Colin D. Woodroffe

  5. Centre for Oceans Law and the China Seas, South China Sea Institute, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

    Yubing Shi

  6. Ministry of Industry and Trade, Hanoi, Vietnam

    Thang T. X. Nguyen

Authors
  1. Robin Warner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mary Kaidonis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Olivia Dun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Kerrylee Rogers
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Yubing Shi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Thang T. X. Nguyen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Colin D. Woodroffe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Robin Warner.

Additional information

Handled by Fabrice Renaud, United Nations, University Institute for Environment and Human Security Bonn, Germany.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Warner, R., Kaidonis, M., Dun, O. et al. Opportunities and challenges for mangrove carbon sequestration in the Mekong River Delta in Vietnam. Sustain Sci 11, 661–677 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-016-0359-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-016-0359-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation