Zusammenfassung
Ziel des vorliegenden Aufsatzes ist es, einen Beitrag zur Analyse von Wissen und Bewertung auf Märkten zu leisten. Auf jedem Markt müssen die Akteure wissen, wie die dort gehandelten Güter zu bewerten sind. Die hier vorgestellte Analyse geht von der Unterscheidung zweier Markttypen aus, nämlich Statusmarkt und Standardmarkt. Auf einem Statusmarkt resultiert die Bewertung aus der Rangfolge des Status der Akteure auf beiden Marktseiten. Diese Rangfolge ist etablierter als der Wertmaßstab und das auf dem Markt gehandelte Gut. Auf einem Standardmarkt ist die Situation umgekehrt: Der Wertmaßstab ist etablierter als die Rangfolge der Marktakteure. Welche Art von Wissen die Marktteilnehmer benötigen, hängt von der Marktstruktur ab. Auf einem Statusmarkt muss man die am Handel Beteiligten kennen, da es zur Bewertung der gehandelten Güter keinen von Käufern und Verkäufern unabhängigen Wertmaßstab gibt. Auf einem Standardmarkt hingegen ist es wichtiger zu wissen, wie man den Standard erfüllt, der als Bezugsgröße für alle gehandelten Güter dient. Der Aufsatz enthält empirische Beispiele und vier überprüfbare Hypothesen.
Abstract
The purpose of this theoretical article is to contribute to the analysis of knowledge and valuation in markets. In each market actors must know how to value its products. The analytical point of departure of this article is the distinction between two types of markets, status and standard. In a status market, valuation is a function of the status rank orders of identities of the actors on both sides of the market, which is more entrenched than the scale of value and what is traded in the market. In a market characterized by standard, the situation is reversed; the scale of value is more entrenched than the identity rankings of actors in the market. The knowledge that market actors need is contingent upon the market structure. In a status market actors need to know of the actors involved in what is traded since there is no scale of value for evaluating the items traded in the market independently of its buyers and sellers. In a standard market it is more important to know how to meet the standard in relation to which all items traded are compared. The article entails empirical examples and four testable hypotheses.
Résumés
Le présent article a pour but de contribuer à l’analyse du savoir et de l’évaluation sur les marchés. Sur chaque marché, les acteurs doivent savoir comment évaluer les biens échangés. L’analyse présentée ici est fondée sur la distinction entre deux types de marchés, à savoir le marché à logique statuaire et le marché standard. Sur un marché à logique statutaire, l’évaluation des biens procède de la hiérarchie statutaire des acteurs des deux côtés du marché. Cette hiérarchie est mieux établie que l’étalon de valeur et le bien échangé sur le marché. Sur un marché standard la situation est inverse: l’étalon de valeur est mieux établi que la hiérarchie des acteurs du marché. Le type de savoir dont les intervenants sur le marché ont besoin dépend de la structure du marché. Sur un marché à logique statutaire, il faut, en l’absence d’étalon de valeur indépendant des acheteurs et des vendeurs, connaître les participants à l’échange pour estimer les biens échangés. Sur un marché standard, par contre, il est plus important de savoir comment correspondre au standard utilisé comme valeur de référence pour tous les biens échangés. Cet article comprend des exemples concrets et quatre hypothèses vérifiables.
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Für ihre Anmerkungen zu früheren Versionen dieses Aufsatzes danke ich Sebastian Kohl, Jan-Christopher Strobel und den übrigen Teilnehmern der Veranstaltung zum Thema „Markets for Technologies, Technologies for Markets“ auf der EGOS Konferenz 2006 in Bergen.
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Aspers, P. Wissen und Bewertung auf Märkten. BJfS 17, 431–449 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11609-007-0039-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11609-007-0039-3