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Transnationale Migration als relative Immobilität in einer globalisierten Welt

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Zusammenfassung

In Anbetracht der steigenden Zahl von Wandernden wird transnationale Migration als ein Fall von Globalisierung interpretiert. Zugleich fällt auf, dass der Anteil von Migranten an der Weltbevölkerung im letzten halben Jahrhundert kaum gewachsen ist. Allerdings übersehen beide Perspektiven das soziologisch zentrale Rätsel der relativen Immobilität: Warum gibt es so wenige transnationale Migranten aus den meisten Orten in den sogenannten Entwicklungs-und Transformationsländern? Warum gibt es wiederum so viele Migranten aus einigen wenigen Orten des Südens bzw. Ostens in den Norden bzw. Westen? Eine systematische Analyse der Faktoren für Immobilität und Mobilität ergibt, dass wichtige Ressourcen in der Regel lokal gebunden sind (local assets). Allerdings kann transnationale Migration angesichts der zunehmenden Mobilität von professionalisierten Fachkräften oder der zunehmenden Dichte von Informationsflüssen und Transportmöglichkeiten durchaus als ein Beispiel für lebensweltlich geprägte Transnationalisierung begriffen werden, in dem primär lokal gebundene Ressourcen von Migranten über Staatsgrenzen hinweg mobilisiert werden.

Abstract

There are two conflicting interpretations of transnational migration. The first and common one is to view migration as a prime example of increasing globalization, the ever denser flows of goods, ideas and persons. The second interpretation highlights the fact that the number of migrants as a percentage of world population has not increased significantly over the past decades. After all, currently only about 3 percent of the world population reside outside the borders of the state whose citizenship they carry. However, both perspectives overlook the central sociological puzzle of relative immobility: Why are there so few transnational migrants from the many places in so-called developing and transformation countries? And why do so many migrants from a few places in the South and East come to the North and West? A systematic analysis of the factors advancing and limiting migration shows that local assets are usually quite important resources for mobility. However, if local assets are transferred into mobile resources, transnational migration can be usefully interpreted as a case of the transnationalization of life worlds.

Résumé

Au vu de l’augmentation du nombre de migrants, les migrations transnationales sont interprétées comme une manifestation de la mondialisation. On observe cependant que la proportion de migrants par rapport à la population mondiale a à peine augmenté dans le demi-siècle dernier. Ces deux perspectives passent toutefois à côté de l’énigme sociologiquement centrale de l’immobilité relative: Pourquoi la plupart des zones situées dans les pays dits en développement ou en transformation livrent-elles si peu de migrants transnationaux? Inversement, pourquoi y at-il au Nord ou à l’Ouest tant de migrants issus de quelques zones du Sud ou de l’Est? Une analyse systématique des faceturs d’immobilité et de mobilité montre que des ressources importantes sont en général attachées un lieu (local assets). Toutefois, au vu de la mobilité croissante des travailleurs qualifiés ou de la densification des flux d’information et des possibilités de transport, on peut tout à fait concevoir les migrations transnationales comme un exemple de transnationalisation marquée au sceau de l’expérience vécue dans lequel des ressources à l’origine attachées à un lieu sont mobilisées par des migrants par-delà les frontières nationales.

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Faist, T. Transnationale Migration als relative Immobilität in einer globalisierten Welt. BJfS 17, 365–385 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11609-007-0030-z

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