Zusammenfassung
In Anbetracht der steigenden Zahl von Wandernden wird transnationale Migration als ein Fall von Globalisierung interpretiert. Zugleich fällt auf, dass der Anteil von Migranten an der Weltbevölkerung im letzten halben Jahrhundert kaum gewachsen ist. Allerdings übersehen beide Perspektiven das soziologisch zentrale Rätsel der relativen Immobilität: Warum gibt es so wenige transnationale Migranten aus den meisten Orten in den sogenannten Entwicklungs-und Transformationsländern? Warum gibt es wiederum so viele Migranten aus einigen wenigen Orten des Südens bzw. Ostens in den Norden bzw. Westen? Eine systematische Analyse der Faktoren für Immobilität und Mobilität ergibt, dass wichtige Ressourcen in der Regel lokal gebunden sind (local assets). Allerdings kann transnationale Migration angesichts der zunehmenden Mobilität von professionalisierten Fachkräften oder der zunehmenden Dichte von Informationsflüssen und Transportmöglichkeiten durchaus als ein Beispiel für lebensweltlich geprägte Transnationalisierung begriffen werden, in dem primär lokal gebundene Ressourcen von Migranten über Staatsgrenzen hinweg mobilisiert werden.
Abstract
There are two conflicting interpretations of transnational migration. The first and common one is to view migration as a prime example of increasing globalization, the ever denser flows of goods, ideas and persons. The second interpretation highlights the fact that the number of migrants as a percentage of world population has not increased significantly over the past decades. After all, currently only about 3 percent of the world population reside outside the borders of the state whose citizenship they carry. However, both perspectives overlook the central sociological puzzle of relative immobility: Why are there so few transnational migrants from the many places in so-called developing and transformation countries? And why do so many migrants from a few places in the South and East come to the North and West? A systematic analysis of the factors advancing and limiting migration shows that local assets are usually quite important resources for mobility. However, if local assets are transferred into mobile resources, transnational migration can be usefully interpreted as a case of the transnationalization of life worlds.
Résumé
Au vu de l’augmentation du nombre de migrants, les migrations transnationales sont interprétées comme une manifestation de la mondialisation. On observe cependant que la proportion de migrants par rapport à la population mondiale a à peine augmenté dans le demi-siècle dernier. Ces deux perspectives passent toutefois à côté de l’énigme sociologiquement centrale de l’immobilité relative: Pourquoi la plupart des zones situées dans les pays dits en développement ou en transformation livrent-elles si peu de migrants transnationaux? Inversement, pourquoi y at-il au Nord ou à l’Ouest tant de migrants issus de quelques zones du Sud ou de l’Est? Une analyse systématique des faceturs d’immobilité et de mobilité montre que des ressources importantes sont en général attachées un lieu (local assets). Toutefois, au vu de la mobilité croissante des travailleurs qualifiés ou de la densification des flux d’information et des possibilités de transport, on peut tout à fait concevoir les migrations transnationales comme un exemple de transnationalisation marquée au sceau de l’expérience vécue dans lequel des ressources à l’origine attachées à un lieu sont mobilisées par des migrants par-delà les frontières nationales.
Literatur
Appleyard, Reginald (1992): Migration and Development. A Critical Relationship. In: Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 1, S. 1–19.
Bade, Klaus J./Rainer Münz (2002): Migrations-report 2000. Fakten — Analysen — Perspektiven. Frankfurt a.M./New York: Campus.
Barré, Philippe/Victor Hernandez/ Jean-Baptiste Meyer/ Dominique Vinck (Hrsg.) (2003): Diasporas scientifiques. Expertise collégiale. Institut de Recherche sur le Développement. Paris: Ministère des Affaires Etrangères.
Basch, Linda G./Nina Glick-Schiller/ Cristina Szanton-Blanc (1994): Nations Unbound. Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-states. Langhorne, PA: Gordon and Breach.
Bilsborrow, Richard/Graeme Hugo/ A.S. Oberai/ Hania Zlotnik (1997): International Migration Statistics. Guidelines for Improving Data Collection Systems. Geneva: International Labour Office (ILO).
Birg, Herwig (2001): Die demographische Zeitenwende. Der Bevölkerungsrückgang in Deutschland und Europa. München: C.H. Beck.
Böhning, Wolf-Rüdiger/Jacques Werquin (1989): Some Economic, Social and Human Rights Considerations Concerning the Future Status of Third-country Nationals in the Single European Market. Geneva: International Labour Office (ILO).
Bourdieu, Pierre (1983): Ökonomisches Kapital, kulturelles Kapital, soziales Kapital. In: Reinhard Kreckel (Hrsg.), Soziale Ungleichheiten. Soziale Welt, Sonderheft 2. Göttingen: Otto Schwartz & Co., S. 183–198.
Castells, Manuel (1996): The Rise of the Network Society. Oxford: Blackwell.
Castles, Stephen/Mark J. Miller (1993): The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World. London: Macmillan.
Coleman, James S. (1990): Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Dowty, Alan (1987): Closed Borders. The Contemporary Assault on Freedom of Movement. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Durkheim, Émile (1965): Individual and Collective Representations. In: ders., Sociology and Philosophy. New York: The Free Press, S. 1–34.
Eisenstadt, Shmuel N. (1954): The Absorption of Immigrants. A Comparative Study Based Mainly on the Jewish Community in Palestine and the State of Israel. London: Routledge.
Engelbrektsson, Ulla-Britt (1978): The Force of Tradition. Turkish Migrants at Home and Abroad. Göteborg: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis.
Esser, Hartmut (1980): Aspekte der Wanderungssoziologie. Assimilation und Integration von Wanderern, ethnischen Gruppen und Minderheiten. Darmstadt/Neuwied: Luchterhand.
Eurostat (1995): Causes of International Migration. Luxemburg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Eurostat (2000): Push and Pull Factors of International Migration: A Comparative Report. Luxemburg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Faist, Thomas (2000a): The Volume and Dynamics of International Migration and Transnational Social Spaces. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Faist, Thomas (2000b): Transstaatliche Räume. Wirtschaft, Politik und Kultur in und zwischen Deutschland und der Türkei. Bielefeld: transcript.
Faist, Thomas/Andreas Ette (Hrsg.) (2007): Between Autonomy and the European Union. The Europeanization of National Immigration Policies. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Faini, Riccardo/Alessandra Venturini (1994): Migration and Growth: the Experience of Southern Europe. Discussion Paper Series No. 964. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research.
Findlay, Alan (2003): Skilled Transients. The Invisible Phenomenon? In: Robin Cohen (Hrsg.), The Cambridge Survey of World Migration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, S. 515–523.
Giddens, Anthony (1991): The Consequences of Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Gold, Steven J. (2002): The Israeli Diaspora. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Gouldner, Alvin W. (1960): The Norm of Reciprocity. A Preliminary Statement. In: American Sociological Review 25, S. 161–78.
Granovetter, Mark S. (1979): The Theory Gap in Social Network Analysis. In: Paul W. Holland/ Stephen Leinhardt (Hrsg.), Perspectives in Social Network Research, New York: Academic Press, S. 45–67.
Haas, Peter M. (1992): Introduction. Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination. In: International Organization 46(Sonderheft), S. 1–35.
Hägerstrand, Torsten (1975): On the Definition of Migration. In: Emrys Jones (Hrsg.), Readings in Social Geography. Oxford: Oxford University Press, S. 200–210.
Hammar, Thomas et al. (Hrsg.) (1997): International Migration, Immobility and Development. Multidisciplinary Perspectives. Oxford: Berg.
Harvey, David (1989): The Condition of Postmodernity. Oxford: Blackwell.
Held, David/Anthony McGrew/ David Goldblatt/ Jonathan Perraton (1999): Global Transformations. Politics, Economics and Culture. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Hirschman, Albert O. (1970): Exit, Voice, and Loyalty. Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Hirst, Paul/Grahame Thompson (1996): Globalization in Question. The International Economy and the Possibilities of Governance. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Hollifield, James (1992): Immigrants, Markets and States. The Political Economy of Postwar Europe. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Hugo, Graeme J. (1981): Village-community Ties, Village Norms and Ethnic and Social Networks. A Review of Evidence from the Third World. In: Gordon F. De Jong/ Richard W. Gardner (Hrsg.), Migration Decision-making: Multidisciplinary Approaches to Microlevel Studies in Developed and Developing Countries. New York: Pergamon Press, S. 186–224.
Huntington, Samuel P. (1991): The Third Wave. Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Khadria, Binod (1999): The Migration of Knowledge Workers. Second-Generation Effects of India’s Brain Drain. New Delhi: Sage Publications.
Kibria, Nazli (1993): Family Tightrope. The Changing Lives of Vietnamese Americans. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Kritz, Mary M./Lin Lean Lim/ Hania Zlotnik (Hrsg.) (1992): International Migration Systems. A Global Approach. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Kunz, Egon F. (1973): The Refugee in Flight. Kinetic Models and Forms of Displacement. In: International Migration Review 7,2, S. 125–146.
Kuptsch, Christiane/Peng Eng Fong (Hrsg.) (2005): Competing for Global Talent. Geneva: International Labour Office (ILO) and Singapore: Wee Kim Wee Centre.
Kyle, David (2000): Transnational Peasants. Migrations, Networks, and Ethnicity in Andean Ecuador. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Lee, Everett S. (1964): A Theory of Migration. In: Demography 3, S. 47–57.
Lerner, Daniel (1958): The Passing of Traditional Society. Glencoe, IL: The Free Press.
Mackie, Gerry (1995): Frustration and Preference Change in Immigration Migration. In: Archives Européennes de Sociologie 36, S. 185–208.
Massey, Douglas S./Rafael Alarcón/ Jorge Durand/ Humberto González (1987): Return to Aztlán. The Social Process of International Migration from Western Mexico. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Massey, Douglas S./Jorge Arango/ Graeme Hugo/ Ada Kouaouci/ Antonio Pellegrino/ Edward Taylor (1993): Theories of International Migration. A Review and Appraisal. In: Population and Development Review 19, S. 431–466.
Massey, Douglas S./Luin Goldring/ Jorge Durand (1994): Continuities in Transnational Migration. An Analysis of Nineteen Mexican Communities. In: American Journal of Sociology 99, S. 1492–533.
Maruyama, Magoroh (1963): The Second Cybernetics. Deviation-amplifying Mutual Causal Processes. In: American Scientist 51, S. 164–179.
McPhail, Clark/David Miller (1973): The Assembling Process. A Theoretical and Empirical Examination. In: American Sociological Review 38, S. 721–735.
Marx, Karl (1974): Grundrisse der Kritik der Politischen Ökonomie. Berlin: Dietz Verlag.
Meier-Braun, Karl-Heinz (2002): Deutschland, Einwanderungsland. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp.
Miller, Mark J. (1992): Evaluation of Policy Modes for Regulating International Labour Migration. In: Mary M. Kritz/ Lin Lean Lim/ Hania Zlotnik (Hrsg.), International Migration Systems: A Global Approach. Oxford: Clarendon Press, S. 300–314.
Münch, Richard (2001): Offene Räume. Soziale Integration diesseits und jenseits des Nationalstaats. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp.
OECD (2000): Globalisation, Migration, and Development. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Parsons, Talcott (1951): The Social System. Glencoe, IL: The Free Press.
Pessar, Patricia R. (Hrsg.) (1997): Caribbean Circuits. New Directions in the Study of Caribbean Migration. New York: Center for Migration Studies.
Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (2006a): Trends in Total Migrant Stock. Data Online. http://esa.un.org/migration/index.asp?panel=3, November 2006.
Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (2006b): Trends in Total Migrant Stock. The 2005 Revision. http://esa.un.org/migration, November 2006.
Portes, Alejandro (Hrsg.) (1995): The Economic Sociology of Immigration. Essays on Networks, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Putnam, Robert D. (1993): Making Democracy Work. Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Regets, Mark C. (1999): Foreign Science & Technology Personnel in the United States. An Overview of Available Data and Basic Characteristics in OECD. Mobilizing Human Resources for Innovation. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development.
Richmond, Anthony H. (1984): Explaining Return Migration. In: Daniel Kubat (Hrsg.), The Politics of Return: International Return Migration in Europe. Roma: Centro Studi Emigrazione/New York: Center for Migration Studies, S. 269–276.
Rogers, Everett M. (1983): Diffusion of Innovations. New York: The Free Press.
Ruggie, John Gerard (1998): Constructing the World Polity. Essays on International Institutionalization. London: Routledge.
Saxenian, Anna L. (1999): Silicon Valley’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs. San Francisco, CA: Public Policy Institute of California.
Segal, Aron (1993): An Atlas of International Migration. London: Hans Zell Publishers.
Simmel, Georg (1992): Soziologie. Untersuchungen über die Formen der Vergesellschaftung. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp.
Stouffer, Samuel A. (1949): The American Soldier. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Strikewerda, Carl (1997): Reinterpreting the History of European Integration. Business, Labor, and Social Citizenship in Twentieth-Century Europe. In: Jytte Klausen/ Louise A. Tilly (Hrsg.), European Integration in Social and Historical Perspective. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, S. 51–70.
Thomas, William I./Florian Znaniecki (1927): The Polish Peasant in Europe and America, 5 Bde. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Tocqueville, Alexis de (1951): Über die Demokratie in Amerika. Zürich: Manesse.
Torpey, John (2000): The Invention of the Passport: Surveillance, Citizenship and the State. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
United Nations Secretariat (2001): Replacement Migration. Is It a Solution to Declining and Aging Populations? Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/migration/migration.htm, April 2007.
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2003): Millennium Development Goals. A Compact among Nations to End Poverty. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (2006): The State of the World’s Refugees. Human Displacement in the New Millennium. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Waldron, Jeremy (1992): Minority Cultures and the Cosmopolitan Alternative. In: University of Michigan Journal of Law Review 25, S. 751–793.
Weber, Max (1980): Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck).
White, Harrison/Scott A. Boorman/ Ronald L. Breiger (1976): Social Structure from Multiple Networks. I. Blockmodels of Roles and Positions. In: American Journal of Sociology 81, S. 730–780.
Williamson, Oliver E. (1981): The Economics of Organization. The Transaction Cost Approach. In: American Journal of Sociology 87, S. 548–577.
Zolberg, Aristide R./Astri Suhrke/ Sergio Aguayo (1989): Escape from Violence. Conflict and the Refugee Crisis in the Developing World. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Faist, T. Transnationale Migration als relative Immobilität in einer globalisierten Welt. BJfS 17, 365–385 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11609-007-0030-z
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11609-007-0030-z