Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Energy characteristics and micro-cracking behaviors of deep slate rock under triaxial loadings

  • Research Article - Solid Earth Sciences
  • Published:
Acta Geophysica Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Sichuan–Tibet railway tunnels are generally long and deep, and some of them pass through layered slate, which is prone to failure under high in situ stress. Insight into the mechanical behaviors of deep slate under different stress environments is critical to the safety of engineering practices in this area. To this end, we studied the energy characteristics and micro-cracking behaviors of slate samples under different triaxial loadings. The results showed that the confining pressure increased the strength, elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio and crack characteristic stresses of the studied slate. As the confining pressure increased, the storage of elastic strain energy during the prepeak stress stage increased, and its release during the postpeak stress stage was inhibited. Additionally, we obtained the slate failure precursors by analyzing the acoustic emission (AE) evolution characteristics, i.e., “a sudden increase in AE metrics, followed by a quiet period, and then a sudden increase again” in terms of the AE count rate and AE energy rate after obvious expansion of the sample. Then, we further observed that with an increase in confining pressure, a gradual transition of the failure pattern from compressive shear to tensile shear occurred. Finally, we discussed the influence mechanisms of confining pressure on the slate failure behaviors and concluded that the change in the effective shear stress along the foliation planes played an important role in the failure mode transition.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ai T, Zhang R, Liu JF, Zhao XP, Ren L (2011) Space-time evolution rules of acoustic emission locations under triaxial compression. J China Coal Soc 36(12):2048–2057

    Google Scholar 

  • Arzua J, Alejano LR, Walton G (2014) Strength and dilation of jointed granite specimens in servo-controlled triaxial tests. Int J Rock Mech Min 69:93–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2014.04.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aydan O, Akagi T, Kawamoto T (1996) The squeezing potential of rock around tunnels: theory and prediction with examples taken from Japan. Rock Mech Rock Eng 29(3):125–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen ZQ, He C, Wu D, Xu GW, Yang WB (2017) Fracture evolution and energy mechanism of deep-buried carbonaceous slate. Acta Geotech 12(6):1243–1260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen ZW, Han Z, Zhai WM, Yang JZ (2019) TMD design for seismic vibration control of high-pier bridges in Sichuan-Tibet Railway and its influence on running trains. Vehicle Syst Dyn 57(2):207–225

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dan DQ, Konietzky H, Herbst M (2013) Brazilian tensile strength tests on some anisotropic rocks. Int J Rock Mech Min 58:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2012.08.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Debecker B, Vervoort A (2013) Two-dimensional discrete element simulations of the fracture behaviour of slate. Int J Rock Mech Min. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2013.02.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Du K, Li XF, Tao M, Wang SF (2020) Experimental study on acoustic emission (AE) characteristics and crack classification during rock fracture in several basic lab tests. Int J Rock Mech Min 133:104411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2020.104411

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faradonbeh RS, Taheri A, Sousa LRE (2020) Rockburst assessment in deep geotechnical conditions using true-triaxial tests and data-driven approaches. Int J Rock Mech Min 128:104279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2020.104279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ganne P, Vervoort A, Wevers M (2007) Quantification of pre-peak brittle damage: Correlation between acoustic emission and observed micro-fracturing. Int J Rock Mech Min 44(5):720–729

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerd M (2019) Application of the cluster analysis and time statistic of acoustic emission events from tensile test of a cylindrical rock salt specimen. Eng Fract Mech 210:84–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hao XJ, Wang SH, Xu QS, Yang DQ, Zhang Q (2020) Influences of confining pressure and bedding angles on the deformation, fracture and mechanical characteristics of slate. Constr Build Mater 243:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hu GS, Zhao CY, Chen NS, Chen KT, Wang T (2019) Characteristics, mechanisms and prevention modes of debris flows in an arid seismically active region along the Sichuan-Tibet Railway route, China: a case study of the Basu-Ranwu section, southeastern Tibet. Environ Earth Sci 78(18):1–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jia ZQ, Li CB, Zhang R, Wang M, Gao MZ (2019) Energy evolution of coal at different depths under unloading conditions. Rock Mech Rock Eng 52(11):4637–4649

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jia ZQ, Xie HP, Zhang R, Li CB, Zhang ZT (2020a) Acoustic emission characteristics and damage evolution of coal at different depths under triaxial compression. Rock Mech Rock Eng 53(5):2063–2076

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jia CJ, Xu WY, Wang RB (2020b) Characterization of the deformation behavior of fine-grained sandstone by triaxial cyclic loading. Constr Build Mater 38(4):3815–3830

    Google Scholar 

  • Li AQ, Zhang R, Ai T (2016) Acoustic emission space-time evolution rules and failure precursors of granite under uniaxial compression. Chin J Geotech Eng 38:306–311

    Google Scholar 

  • Li CB, Xie HP, Xie LZ (2017) Experimental and theoretical study on the shale crack initiation stress and crack damage stress. J China Coal Soc 042(004):969–976

    Google Scholar 

  • Li ZG, Xu GL, Huang P, Zhao X, Fu YP (2018) Mechanical and anisotropic properties of silty slates. Rock Soil Mech 39(05):1737–1746

    Google Scholar 

  • Li KH, Yin ZY, Cheng YM, Cao P, Meng JJ (2020a) Three-dimensional discrete element simulation of indirect tensile behaviour of a transversely isotropic rock. Int J Numer Anal Met 44(13):1812–1832

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li CB, Xie HP, Wang J (2020b) Anisotropic characteristics of crack initiation and crack damage thresholds for shale. Int J Rock Mech Min 126:104178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2019.104178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu N, Zhang CS, Chu WJ (2012) Fracture characteristics and damage evolution law of Jinping deep marble. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 31(8):1606–1613

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu XR, Guo JQ, Wang JB (2013) Investigation on mechanical properties and failure criterion of salt rock based on energy principles. Rock Soil Mech 34(02):305–310

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Ma TS, Wu H, Chen P (2020) Investigation on mechanical behaviors of shale cap rock for geological energy storage by linking macroscopic to mesoscopic failures. J Energy Storage 29:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.101326

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin CD, Chandler NA (1994) The progressive fracture of Lac du Bonnet granite. Int J Rock Mech Min 31(6):643–659

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meng LB, Li TB, Jiang Y, Li YR (2013) Characteristics and mechanisms of large deformation in the Zhegu mountain tunnel on the Sichuan-Tibet highway. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 37:157–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2013.03.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petruzalek M, Jechumtalova Z, Sileny J, Kolar P, Svitek T, Lokajicek T (2020) Application of the shear-tensile source model to acoustic emissions in westerly granite. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 128:104246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2020.104246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qin L (2020) Study on large deformation characteristics and control technology of a railway tunnel. Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

  • Ridge AR, Ziehl PH (2006) Evaluation of strengthened reinforced concrete beams: cyclic load test and acoustic emission methods. Aci Struct J 103(6):832–841

    Google Scholar 

  • Sammonds PR, Meredith PG, Murrell S (1994) Modeling the damage evolution in rock containing pore fluid by acoustic-emission. Rock Mech Petrol Eng 14(1):897–904

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiavi A, Niccolini G, Tarizzo P, Carpinteri A (2011) Acoustic emissions at high and low frequencies during compression tests in brittle materials. Strain 47(s2):105–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shen JY, Jimenez R, Karakus M, Xu CS (2014) A simplified failure criterion for intact rocks based on rock type and uniaxial compressive strength. Rock Mech Rock Eng 2(47):357–369

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tu YL, Liu XR, Zhong ZL, Li YY (2016) New criteria for defining slope failure using the strength reduction method. Eng Geol 212:63–71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang SR, Liu ZW, Qu XH, Fang JB (2009) Large deformation mechanics mechanism and rigid-gap-flexible-layer supporting technology of soft rock tunnel. China J Highw Transp 22(6):90–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang CH, Sha P, Hu YF, Li CS, Guo QL (2011) Study of squeezing deformation problems during tunneling. Rock Soil Mech 32(S2):143–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Han JQ, Li CH (2020) Acoustic emission and CT investigation on fracture evolution of granite containing two flaws subjected to freeze-thaw and cyclic uniaxial increasing-amplitude loading conditions. Constr Build Mater 260:119769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119769

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xie HP, Peng RD, Ju Y (2004) Energy dissipation of rock deformation and fracture. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 23(21):3565–3570

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang YM, Ju Y, Li FX, Gao F, Sun HF (2016) The fractal characteristics and energy mechanism of crack propagation in tight reservoir sandstone subjected to triaxial stresses. J Nat Gas Sci Eng 32:415–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2016.04.049

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang SQ, Yin PF, Ranjith PG (2020) Experimental study on mechanical behavior and brittleness characteristics of Longmaxi formation shale in Changning, Sichuan Basin, China. Rock Mech Rock Eng 53(5):2461–2483

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang ZZ, Gao F (2015) Confining pressure effect on rock energy. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 34(001):1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang R, Dai F, Gao MZ (2015) Fractal analysis of acoustic emission during uniaxial and triaxial loading of rock. Int J Rock Mech Min 79:241–249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang ZP, Xie HP, Zhang R, Zhang ZT (2018) Deformation damage and energy evolution characteristics of coal at different depths. Rock Mech Rock Eng 52(5):1–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang XM, Ou XF, Gong FQ, Yang JS (2019) Effects of bedding on the dynamic compressive properties of low anisotropy slate. Rock Mech Rock Eng 52(4):981–990

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang AL, Zhang R, Gao MZ, Zhang ZT, Zhang ZP, Zha ES (2020) Failure behavior and damage characteristics of coal at different depths under triaxial unloading based on acoustic emission. Energies 13(17):4451. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13174451

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang AL, Xie HP, Zhang R, Ren L, Zhou JF, Gao MZ, Tan Q (2021) Dynamic failure behavior of Jinping marble under various preloading conditions corresponding to different depths. Int J Rock Mech Min 48:104959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2021.104959

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao HG, Liu C, Huang G, Yu BC, Song ZL (2020) Experimental investigation on rockburst process and failure characteristics in trapezoidal tunnel under different lateral stresses. Constr Build Mater 259:119530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119530

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zuo JP, Chen Y, Song HQ, Wei X (2017) Pre-peak axial crack strain evolution and nonlinear model for coal-rock combined body. Chin J Geotech Eng 39(9):1609–1615

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52125402), the Open Foundation of MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Underground Science and Engineering (DESEYU202201), the Key R&D projects of Sichuan Science and Technology Plan (19YFG0047) and the Research Project of China Railway Eryuan Engineering Group Company, Ltd. (19H0537), and these sources are gratefully acknowledged.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Water Resource & Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China

    Anlin Zhang, Dong Wang, Ru Zhang, Gan Feng, Zhilong Zhang & Jianhui Deng

  2. China Railway Eryuan Engineering Group Company, Ltd., Chengdu, 610031, China

    Tao Feng, Liangwen Jiang, Dong Wang & Zhewei Wang

  3. MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science & Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China

    Ru Zhang, Jianhui Deng & Li Ren

  4. College of Architecture & Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China

    Li Ren

Authors
  1. Anlin Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Tao Feng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Liangwen Jiang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Dong Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Zhewei Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Ru Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Gan Feng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Zhilong Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Jianhui Deng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Li Ren
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Li Ren.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Additional information

Edited by Prof. Ramon Zuñiga (CO-EDITOR-IN-CHIEF).

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zhang, A., Feng, T., Jiang, L. et al. Energy characteristics and micro-cracking behaviors of deep slate rock under triaxial loadings. Acta Geophys. 70, 1457–1472 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-022-00810-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-022-00810-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation