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Policy Effects on Political Engagement

Einfluss von Policy auf politisches Engagement

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Abstract

Public policies addressing societal problems typically aim to change citizens’ behaviors and attitudes. While scholars frequently link cross-national differences in specific policies with individuals’ attitudinal or behavioral outcomes, the specific operating mechanisms often remain veiled. The policy feedback literature provides an explanatory framework for how policies affect citizens’ political orientations and behavior, which in turn has an impact on subsequent policy developments. This article provides an overview of policy feedback mechanisms, and reviews comparative empirical studies that link policy indicators and forms of individual-level political engagement. As illustrative examples, I have focused on social policies and immigrant integration policies as two widely publicized policy areas. Since the identification of policy effects is challenging for a number of methodological reasons, I also discuss advances related to empirical design.

Zusammenfassung

Politische Maßnahmen, die gesellschaftliche Probleme angehen, zielen in der Regel auf Verhaltens- und Einstellungsänderungen der Bürgerinnen und Bürger ab. Auch werden innerhalb der empirisch-vergleichenden politischen Soziologie länderübergreifende Unterschiede in Institutionen und Policies zur Erklärung von Einstellungs- und Verhaltensunterschieden genutzt. Allerdings werden dabei die Vermittlungsmechanismen zwischen Politik und Individuum oftmals nicht hinreichend spezifiziert und getestet. Die Policy-Feedback-Literatur bietet einen Theorierahmen, um Policies mit politischen Orientierungen und Verhaltensweisen zu verknüpfen. In dem vorliegenden Artikel wird ein Überblick über Policy-Feedback-Mechanismen und entsprechende empirische Studien gegeben. Zur weiteren Verdeutlichung werden vergleichende Untersuchungen zur Wirkung von wohlfahrtsstaatlicher Sozialpolitik sowie Integrationspolitik auf politisches Engagement vorgestellt und diskutiert. Da die Identifizierung kausaler Effekte im Rahmen der Policy-Forschung eine Herausforderung darstellt, wird abschließend auf methodische Weiterentwicklungen eingegangen.

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Notes

  1. For determinants of electoral participation from the perspective of comparative political systems, see also the chapters by Spies and Franzmann (2019) and Schmitt-Beck (2019) in this special issue.

  2. Similar conclusions were reached by Campbell (2003), who focused on age-related programs and senior citizens’ political activation.

  3. G.I. refers to soldiers in the United States Army. The G.I. bill (enacted as “Servicemen’s Readjustment Act” of 1944) regulated a broad range of benefits for returning World War II veterans, such as compensational payments in the case of unemployment.

  4. This argument is highlighted in public opinion research, such as on the thermostatic model of representation (Wlezien 1995), according to which public demands signal governments about desired policies. Policies meeting public demand then lead to an adjustment of public preferences, and would ultimately result in a long-term equilibrium of representation (e. g. Brooks and Manza 2006; Page and Shapiro 1983).

  5. There are many other ways to classify policies, for example according to their consequences (e. g., generating costs and benefits) or governance principles (see Knill and Tosun 2012, Chapter 2). Nonetheless, the dimensions of visibility and proximity appear to be particularly useful when studying policy effects on citizens.

  6. Larsen (2018) provides an empirical review of feedback effects and also discusses policies other than welfare and immigrant integration.

  7. This includes policy-specific attitudes, general political support, as well as forms of political behavior.

  8. Depending on their range and scope, integration policies also address ethnic minority members, non-citizens in general, and people discriminated against based on group membership.

  9. As an adjacent debate, a number of comparative studies look at the relationship between immigrant integration policies and public opinion towards immigrants and immigration (e. g., Careja and Andreß 2013; Schlueter et al. 2013).

  10. Similarly, Hainmueller et al. (2015) aim to isolate the causal effect of citizenship acquisition on political integration by using data on close naturalization referendums in Switzerland. Their results show that obtaining citizenship has a positive impact on voter turnout among immigrants, as well as on political efficacy and political knowledge.

  11. The CPI index covers information on whether or not a country grants jus soli citizenship; the minimum years of residence required for naturalization; and whether or not naturalized immigrants are allowed to hold dual citizenship. The MCP index entails information on a variety of dimensions, including official affirmation of multiculturalism; multiculturalism in the school curriculum; inclusion of ethnic representation/sensitivity in public media; exemptions from dress codes for minorities; funding of ethnic organizations to support cultural activities; funding of bilingual and mother-tongue instruction; and affirmative action for disadvantaged immigrant groups.

  12. Such requirements include the acquisition of political knowledge, language skills, and value orientations.

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Acknowledgements

I thank Sigrid Roßteutscher, Erik Gahner Larsen, Staffan Kumlin, and the editors of the special issue Hans-Jürgen Andreß, Detlef Fetchenhauer, and Heiner Meulemann for helpful comments.

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Ziller, C. Policy Effects on Political Engagement. Köln Z Soziol 71 (Suppl 1), 285–312 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11577-019-00613-x

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