Abstract
Maples (Acer spp., Sapindaceae) are one of the most important and dominant groups of trees in Hyrcanian forests of Iran. During our survey of leaf-inhabiting fungi associated with trees in Hyrcanian forests, several hyphomycetous fungal strains were recovered from leaf spot symptoms of maple trees. The identification of these isolates was performed using phylogenetic analyses coupled with morphological observations. Based on these data, two new genera of the Dothideomycetes were discovered. Acericercospora gen. nov. (Mycosphaerellaceae) is introduced to accommodate Acericercospora hyrcanica sp. nov. associated with leaf lesions on Acer cappadocicum and A. velutinum. Paramycocentrospora gen. nov. (Dothidotthiaceae) with Paramycocentrospora acericola sp. nov. as type species, is associated with leaf lesions on seedlings of A. velutinum. In this paper, detailed descriptions and illustrations are provided for the new taxa, supplemented by comprehensive comparisons with allied and similar taxa.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All sequence data generated in this study (Table 1) are available at GenBank (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/). Alignments used for phylogenetic analysis included in supplementary files.
References
Abdollahzadeh J, Groenewald JZ, Coetzee MPA, Wingfield MJ, Crous PW (2020) Evolution of lifestyles in Capnodiales. Stud Mycol 95:381–414
Acevedo-Rodriguez P, van Welzen PC, Adema F, van der Ham RWJM (2011) Sapindaceae. In: Kubitzki K (ed) The families and genera of vascular plants, vol X: Flowering Plants. Eudicots: Sapindales, Cucurbitales, Myrtaceae. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 357–407 pp
Ahmadi K, Alavi SJ, Kouchaksaraei MT, Aertsen W (2013) Non-linear height-diameter models for oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) in the Hyrcanian forests. Iran Biotechnol Agron Soc Environ 17(3):431–440
Ahmadi K, Alavi SJ, Zahedi Amiri G, Hosseini SM, Serra-Diaz JM, Svenning JC (2020) Patterns of density and structure of natural populations of Taxus baccata in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran. Nord J Bot 38(3):1–10
Akhani H, Djamali M, Ghorbanalizadeh A, Ramezani E (2010) Plant biodiversity of Hyrcanian relict forests, N Iran: an overview of the flora, vegetation, palaeoecology and conservation. Pak J Bot 42(1):231–258
Ametrano CG, Grewe F, Crous PW, Goodwin SB, Liang C, Selbmann L, Lumbsch HT, Leavitt SD, Muggia L (2019) Genome-scale data resolve ancestral rock-inhabiting lifestyle in Dothideomycetes (Ascomycota). IMA Fungus 10(1):1–12
Bakhshi M, Arzanlou M (2017) Multigene phylogeny reveals a new species and novel records and hosts in the genus Ramularia from Iran. Mycol Prog 16:703–712
Bakhshi M, Arzanlou M, Babai-ahari A, Groenewald JZ, Braun U, Crous PW (2015a) Application of the consolidated species concept to Cercospora spp. from Iran. Persoonia 34:65–86
Bakhshi M, Arzanlou M, Babai-Ahari A, Groenewald JZ, Crous PW (2014) Multi-gene analysis of Pseudocercospora spp. from Iran. Phytotaxa 184:245–264
Bakhshi M, Arzanlou M, Babai-Ahari A, Groenewald JZ, Crous PW (2015b) Is morphology in Cercospora a reliable reflection of generic affinity? Phytotaxa 213:22–34
Bakhshi M, Arzanlou M, Zare R, Groenewald JZ, Crous PW (2019) New species of Septoria associated with leaf spot diseases in Iran. Mycologia 111(6):1056–1071
Bakhshi M, Zare R, Braun U, Taheri H (2021a) Polyphasic taxonomy of four passalora-like taxa occurring on fruit and forest trees. Mycol Prog 20:1157–1173
Bakhshi M, Zare R, Jafary H, Arzanlou M, Rabbani-nasab H (2021b) Phylogeny of three Ramularia species occurring on medicinal plants of the Lamiaceae. Mycol Prog 20(1):27–38
Braun U (1995) A monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and allied genera (phytopathogenic hyphomycetes): Vol. 1. IHW-Verlag, Eching, 333 pp
Braun U, Nakashima C, Bakhshi M, Zare R, Shin HD, Alves RF, Sposito M (2020) Taxonomy and phylogeny of cercosporoid ascomycetes on Diospyros spp. with special emphasis on Pseudocercospora spp. Fungal Syst Evol 6:95–127
Chupp C (1954) A monograph of the fungus genus Cercospora. Ithaca, New York, 667 pp
Crous PW, Braun U (2003) Mycosphaerella and its anamorphs: 1. Names published in Cercospora and Passalora. CBS biodiversity series no. 1. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, the Netherlands, 571 pp
Crous PW, Braun U, Hunter GC, Wingfield MJ, Verkley GJM, Shin H-D, Nakashima C, Groenewald JZ (2013) Phylogenetic lineages in Pseudocercospora. Stud Mycol 75:37–114
Crous PW, Gams W, Stalpers JA, Robert V, Stegehuis G (2004) MycoBank: an online initiative to launch mycology into the 21st century. Stud Mycol 50:19–22
Crous PW, Schumacher RK, Akulov A, Thangavel R, Hernández-Restrepo M, Carnegie AJ, Cheewangkoon R, Wingfield MJ, Summerell BA, Quaedvlieg W, Coutinho TA (2019a) New and interesting fungi. 2. Fungal Syst Evol 3:57–134
Crous PW, Verkley GJM, Groenewald JZ, Houbraken J (eds) (2019b) Fungal biodiversity. Westerdijk Laboratory Manual Series 1:1–425
Crous PW, Wingfield MJ, Schumacher RK, Akulov A, Bulgakov TS, Carnegie AJ, Jurjević Ž, Decock C, Denman S, Lombard L, Lawrence DP (2020) New and interesting fungi. 3. Fungal Syst Evol 6:157–231
de Hoog GS, Gerrits van den Ende AHG (1998) Molecular diagnostics of clinical strains of filamentous Basidiomycetes. Mycoses 41:183–189
Ellis MB (1971) Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. CMI, Kew, UK, 608 pp
Farr DF, Rossman AY (2022) Fungal databases, U.S. National Fungus Collections, ARS, USDA. Available from https://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases. Accessed 5 Jan 2022
Groenewald JZ, Nakashima C, Nishikawa J, Shin H-D, Park JH, Jama AN, Groenewald M, Braun U, Crous PW (2013) Species concepts in Cercospora: spotting the weeds among the roses. Stud Mycol 75:115–170
Guo Y, Jiang Y (2000) Studies on Cercospora and allied genera in China II. Mycosystema 19(3):302–3305
Hamidi SK, Weiskittel A, Bayat M, Fallah A (2021) Development of individual tree growth and yield model across multiple contrasting species using nonparametric and parametric methods in the Hyrcanian forests of northern Iran. Eur J For Res 140:421–434
Haridas S, Albert R, Binder M, Bloem J, LaButti K, Salamov A, Andreopoulos B, Baker SE, Barry K, Bills G, Bluhm BH (2020) 101 Dothideomycetes genomes: a test case for predicting lifestyles and emergence of pathogens. Stud Mycol 96:141–153
Hyde KD, Gareth EBJ, Liu JK, Ariyawansa H, Boehm E, Boonmee S, Braun U, Chomnunti P, Crous PW, Dai DQ, Diederich P (2013) Families of Dothideomycetes. Fungal Divers 63:1–313
Katoh K, Standley DM (2013) MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Mol Biol Evol 30:772–780
Kearse M, Moir R, Wilson A, Stones-Havas S, Cheung M, Sturrock S, Buxton S, Cooper A, Markowitz S, Duran C, Thierer T, Ashton B, Mentjies P, Drummond A (2012) Geneious basic: an integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data. Bioinformatics 28:1647–1649
Kumar S, Stecher G, Li M, Knyaz C, Tamura K (2018) MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Mol Biol Evol 35(6):1547–1549
Liberta AE, Boewe GH (1960) A new species of Cercospora on Acer saccharinum. Mycologia 52(2):345–3347
Maddison WP, Maddison DR (2018) Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 3.61. http://mesquiteproject.org
Marin-Felix Y, Groenewald JZ, Cai L, Chen Q, Marincowitz S, Barnes I, Bensch K, Braun U, Camporesi E, Damm U, De Beer ZW (2017) Genera of phytopathogenic fungi: GOPHY 1. Stud Mycol 86:99–216
Mohtashamian M, Attar F, Kavousi K, Masoudi-Nejad A (2017) Biogeography, distribution and conservation status of maples (Acer L.) in Iran. Trees 31(5):1583–1598
Möller E, Bahnweg G, Sandermann H, Geiger HH (1992) A simple and efficient protocol for isolation of high molecular weight DNA from filamentous fungi, fruit bodies, and infected plant tissues. Nucleic Acids Res 20:6115–6116
Nylander JAA (2004) MrModeltest v 2.0. Program distributed by the author. Evolutionary biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Phillips AJL, Alves A, Pennycook SR, Johnston PR, Ramaley A, Akulov A, Crous PW (2008) Resolving the phylogenetic and taxonomic status of dark-spored teleomorph genera in the Botryosphaeriaceae. Persoonia 21:29–55
Rajeshkumar KC, Braun U, Groenewald JZ, Lad SS, Ashtekar N, Fatima S, Anand G (2021) Phylogenetic placement and reassessment of Asperisporium pongamiae as Pedrocrousiella pongamiae gen. et comb. nov. (Mycosphaerellaceae). Fungal Syst Evol 7:165–176
Rayner RW (1970) A mycological colour chart. CMI and British Mycological Society, Kew, Surrey, England, 34 pp
Rehner SA, Samuels GJ (1994) Taxonomy and phylogeny of Gliocladium analysed from nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. Mycol Res 98:625–634
Ronquist F, Teslenko M, van der Mark P, Ayres DL, Darling A, Höhna S, Larget B, Liu L, Suchard MA, Huelsenbeck JP (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Syst Biol 61:539–542
Sagheb-Talebi K, Sajedi T, Pourhashemi M (2014) Forests of Iran: a treasure from the past, a hope for the future. Springer. 152 pp
Schoch CL, Crous PW, Groenewald JZ et al (2009) A class-wide phylogenetic assessment of Dothideomycetes. Stud Mycol 64:1–15
Simon UK, Groenewald JZ, Crous PW (2009) Cymadothea trifolii, an obligate biotrophic leaf parasite of Trifolium, belongs to Mycosphaerellaceae as shown by nuclear ribosomal DNA analyses. Persoonia 22:49–55
Swofford DL (2003) PAUP*: phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods), version 4.0b 10. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates
Videira SIR, Groenewald JZ, Nakashima C, Braun U, Barreto RW, de Wit PJGM, Crous PW (2017) Mycosphaerellaceae – Chaos or clarity? Stud Mycol 87:257–421
Vilgalys R, Hester M (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. J Bacteriol 172:4238–4246
Vu D, Groenewald M, De Vries M, Gehrmann T, Stielow B, Eberhardt U, Al-Hatmi A, Groenewald JZ, Cardinali G, Houbraken J, Boekhout T (2019) Large-scale generation and analysis of filamentous fungal DNA barcodes boosts coverage for kingdom fungi and reveals thresholds for fungal species and higher taxon delimitation. Stud Mycol 92:135–154
White TJ, Bruns T, Taylor J (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylognetics. In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White JW (eds) A guide to molecular methods and applications. Academic Press, New York, pp 315–322
Zhao P, Crous PW, Hou LW, Duan WJ, Cai L, Ma ZY, Liu F (2021) Fungi of quarantine concern for China I: Dothideomycetes. Persoonia 47:45–105
Acknowledgements
We are obliged to the Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), for financial support.
Funding
This research was financially supported by the Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Experiments, morphological, and molecular analyses were conducted by Mounes Bakhshi. Uwe Braun contributed to the data analyses of the new taxa. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Mounes Bakhshi, and Uwe Braun commented on previous version of the manuscript. Mounes Bakhshi and Uwe Braun read and approved the final manuscript and have agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interests.
Additional information
Section Editor: Hans-Josef Schroers
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bakhshi, M., Braun, U. Acericercospora hyrcanica gen. et sp. nov. (Mycosphaerellaceae) and Paramycocentrospora acericola gen. et sp. nov. (Dothidotthiaceae) on maple trees in Hyrcanian forests. Mycol Progress 21, 71 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-022-01824-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-022-01824-x