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Additional role of colour Doppler ultrasound imaging in intracystic breast tumours

Ruolo addizionale dell’eco-color Doppler nei tumori intracistici della mammella

  • Breast Radiology Senologia
  • Published:
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Abstract

Purpose

Cystic breast lesions with a nonsimple appearance, either complicated or complex, pose unique diagnostic difficulties, in part owing to their potentially malignant nature. Current ultrasound classification systems are based on morphostructural aspects only. The objective of this paper is to highlight the adjunctive role of Doppler techniques.

Materials and methods

Over a 1-year period, we prospectively evaluated 45 women with atypical breast cysts of type IV, V or VI according to the Chang classification. Forty patients were symptomatic, whereas the cyst was discovered as an incidental finding in five cases. Our assessment included morphostructural, angioarchitectural and flowmetric aspects.

Results

Twenty-three nontumoural lesions were managed conservatively. All 19 type-IV cysts and all four type-V cysts according to the Chang classification showed absence of signal flow at colour Doppler imaging. Among the 22 tumoural lesions, there were eight papillomas, one atypical ductal hyperplasia and 13 carcinomas. The eight papillomas showed single (four cases) or multiple (four cases) mural projections. The atypical ductal hyperplasia showed a single parietal nodule. Among the 13 carcinomas, patterns included mural projections in 11 cases, eccentric cystic wall thickening in one and coarse intracystic septa in one. Cystic content appeared clear in six papillomas and in the case of atypical ductal hyperplasia, whereas it exhibited fine echoes in two papillomas. Among the carcinomas, cystic content showed coarse echoes in two cases and fine echoes in 11. Intralesional calcifications were seen in three carcinomas. Posterior enhancement was present in all carcinomas, whereas none showed posterior shadowing. In three carcinomas, some small solid satellite nodules were evident. Colour Doppler imaging showed lack of flow in four papillomas and subtle flow in the remaining four papillomas and in the atypical ductal hyperplasia. All 13 carcinomas showed diffuse vascularity, with multiple sparse vessels and multiple vascular poles. The resistive index, measurable in 4/8 papillomas, was 0.43 on average. Spectral analysis was measured in all carcinoma cases, yielding a mean resistive index of 0.71.

Conclusions

Intracystic breast tumours exhibit distinctive morphostructural and colour Doppler features that allow effective differentiation from nontumoural cysts. Frequently, a presumptive differentiation between papillomas and carcinomas can be achieved. Absence of flow signals represents an additional criterion for complicated/complex cysts, allowing conservative management. Vascularity indicates the need for excision or biopsy of the solid projections, even in cases with negative cytology.

Riassunto

Obiettivo

Le lesioni mammarie cistiche di aspetto non semplice, sia esso complicato o complesso, presentano problematiche diagnostiche peculiari, potendo anche essere espressione di una neoplasia. I sistemi classificativi ecografici proposti sinora considerano solo gli aspetti morfostrutturali: scopo di questo contributo è di sottolineare il ruolo aggiuntivo delle tecniche Doppler.

Materiali e metodi

Nell’arco di un anno abbiamo valutato prospetticamente 45 pazienti con riscontro di formazione cistica della mammella assimilabile ai tipi IV, V o VI secondo Chang. Quaranta pazienti erano sintomatiche; in 5 si trattava invece di un reperto incidentale. Veniva eseguita una valutazione degli aspetti morfostrutturali, angioarchitettonici e flussimetrici.

Risultati

Ventitre formazioni non tumorali venivano trattate conservativamente. Le 19 lesioni assimilabili al tipo IV di Chang e le 4 assimilabili al tipo V risultavano prive di segnali di flusso all’eco-color Doppler. Le 22 lesioni tumorali comprendevano 8 papillomi, 1 iperplasia duttale atipica e 13 carcinomi. Negli 8 papillomi l’aspetto era di vegetazione a livello di una parete cistica, multipla in 4. L’iperplasia duttale atipica presentava un singolo gettone parietale. Nei 13 carcinomi l’aspetto era di gettone murale in 11 casi, ispessimento parietale eccentrico in 1 e grossolani setti intracistici in 1. Il contenuto cistico appariva limpido in 6 papillomi e nell’iperplasia duttale atipica e a fini echi in 2 papillomi; nei carcinomi il contenuto era sotto forma di grossolani echi in 2 casi e di fini echi in 11. Calcificazioni intralesionali erano rilevabili in 3 carcinomi. Un rinforzo posteriore era presente in tutti i casi; nessuno dimostrava un’attenuazione posteriore del fascio. In 3 carcinomi si osservavano piccoli noduli solidi satelliti. L’eco-color Doppler dimostrava assenza di flusso in 4 papillomi e segnali modesti in 4 papillomi e nell’iperplasia duttale atipica; i 13 carcinomi mostravano tutti segnali vascolari diffusi, con multipli vasi sparsi e da multipli poli vascolari. Gli indici resistivi, misurabili in 4/8 papillomi, erano in media di 0,43; nei carcinomi lo studio flussimetrico era sempre possibile, con indice resistivo medio di 0,71.

Conclusioni

I tumori mammari intracistici presentano aspetti ecostrutturali ed eco-color Doppler peculiari, tali da consentire un’efficace differenziazione rispetto alle cisti non tumorali; spesso è ipotizzabile una differenziazione tra papillomi e carcinomi. L’assenza di segnali di flusso può costituire un criterio addizionale per le cisti complicate/complesse, inviando al follow-up. La presenza di vascolarizzazione pone invece l’indicazione all’escissione oppure alla biopsia dei gettoni solidi, anche quando l’analisi citologica è risultata negativa.

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Catalano, O., Raso, M.M., D’Aiuto, M. et al. Additional role of colour Doppler ultrasound imaging in intracystic breast tumours. Radiol med 114, 253–266 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11547-008-0346-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11547-008-0346-6

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