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Role of magnetic resonance tractography in the preoperative planning and intraoperative assessment of patients with intra-axial brain tumours

Ruolo della tecnica di trattografia con risonanza magnetica nella pianificazione pre-operatoria e nella valutazione intraoperatoria di pazienti affetti da tumori cerebrali intra-assiali

  • Neuroradiology Neuroradiologia
  • Published:
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Abstract

Purpose

This study was conducted to assess the possibility of identifying precise white matter tracts situated in proximity to intracranial tumours, to define the anatomical and topographical relations between the same white matter tracts and the tumour, to verify the possibility of integrating tractographic images in the context of a package of three-dimensional anatomical images to send to the neuronavigation system, to assess the impact of this information on surgical planning, and to analyse, both pre-and postoperatively, the patient’s clinical conditions as an index of the functional integrity of the fibres themselves.

Materials and methods

Twenty-five patients underwent diffusion tensor study prior to neurosurgery. With the use of dedicated software, relative colour maps were obtained and the trajectories of the white matter tracts adjacent to the tumour were reconstructed in three dimensions. These were then processed for preoperative planning. Planning, which was performed with the neuronavigator, was based on analysis of the location of the course of the main white matter tracts adjacent to the lesion (pyramidal tract, optic radiation and arcuate fasciculus). Two neurosurgeons were asked whether the tractography images had modified the access and/or intraoperative approach to the tumour. All patients were clinically assessed both pre-and postoperatively 1 month after the procedure to define the presence of symptoms related to the involvement of the white matter tracts studied and therefore to assess the integrity of the fibres after the operation.

Results

In one patient, the tumour was situated away from all the tracts studied and did not compress them in any way. Overall, 40/75 tracts studied had no anatomical relation with the tumour, were not displaced by the tumour or could not be visualised in their entire course. Analysis of the remaining 35 white matter tracts led to an a priori change in the surgical approach for corticotomy in four patients (16%), with no disagreement between the two neurosurgeons and an impact on the extent of resection during surgery in 17 (68%), thus an overall impact on the surgical procedure in 80% of cases. Eight patients showed no symptoms related to the involvement of the white matter tracts studied. In the remaining 17 patients, the symptoms were related to involvement of the pyramidal tract, arcuate fasciculus or optic radiation. At 1-month follow-up, one previously asymptomatic patient reported a speech disorder (transcortical sensory dysphasia); in the remaining 24, symptoms remained unchanged, with a tendency to improvement in 14/17 with symptoms related to involvement of white matter tracts studied.

Conclusions

Magnetic resonance (MR) tractography offers the neurosurgeon an anatomical panoramic view that can improve surgical planning for the resection of intracranial tumours. Despite the high incidence of cases in which the lesion is responsible for changes that hinder the reconstruction of white matter tracts, the technique can change the surgical approach for corticotomy, defines the extent of resection and leads to some change in the procedure in 80% of cases. The improvement of pre-existing symptoms and the absence of new symptoms in the postoperative phase, in our opinion, confirms the value of the technique.

Riassunto

Obiettivo

Valutare la possibilità di identificare definiti fasci di sostanza bianca localizzati in prossimità di un tumore cerebrale; definire le relazioni anatomiche e topografiche tra gli stessi fasci di sostanza bianca e il tumore; verificare la possibilità di integrare le immagini trattografiche nell’ambito di un pacchetto di immagini anatomiche tridimensionali da inviare a un sistema di neuronavigazione; valutare l’impatto di queste informazioni sulla programmazione chirurgica e analizzare, prima e dopo l’intervento chirurgico, le condizioni cliniche dei pazienti, come indici di integrità funzionale delle fibre stesse.

Materiali e metodi

Venticinque pazienti, che avevano preventivamente eseguito uno studio del tensore di diffusione, sono stati successivamente sottoposti a intervento neurochirurgico. Mediante un software dedicato, sono state ottenute le relative mappe colorimetriche e ricostruite in tre dimensioni le traiettorie dei fasci di sostanza bianca adiacenti alla neoformazione che sono state elaborate per la pianificazione preoperatoria. La pianificazione, effettuata mediante il neuronavigatore, si è basata sull’analisi della localizzazione e del decorso dei principali fasci di sostanza bianca adiacenti la lesione (fascio cortico-spinale, radiazione ottica e fascicolo arcuato). È stato chiesto a due neurochirurghi se e come la disponibilità della trattografia avesse modificato l’accesso e/o l’approccio intraoperatorio alla neoplasia. Tutti i pazienti sono stati valutati clinicamente sia in fase pre-che post-operatoria, a 1 mese dall’intervento, per definire la presenza di sintomi riferibili a un coinvolgimento dei fasci mielinici oggetto dello studio e verificare quindi, dal punto di vista clinico, l’integrità degli stessi in seguito all’intervento.

Risultati

In un paziente il tumore era localizzato a distanza da tutti i fasci considerati e non determinava sugli stessi effetti compressivi. Globalmente, dei 75 fasci considerati, 40 non avevano rapporto anatomico con il tumore, non venivano dislocati dallo stesso o non risultavano visualizzabili in tutto il loro decorso. L’analisi dei restanti 35 fasci di sostanza bianca considerati ha determinato una modifica a priori dell’approccio chirurgico di corticotomia in 4 pazienti (16%) senza casi di discrepanza nel giudizio tra i due neurochirurghi e un impatto sulla definizione dei limiti di resezione durante l’intervento in 17 (68%), risultando complessivamente di impatto sulla procedura chirurgica nell’80% dei casi. Otto pazienti non mostravano sintomi riferibili a un coinvolgimento dei fasci mielinici oggetto dello studio. Nei restanti 17 i sintomi erano riferibili a un coinvolgimento del fascio piramidale, arcuato o della radiazione ottica. Al controllo a 1 mese un paziente, precedentemente asintomatico, riferiva un disturbo del linguaggio a tipo disfasia sensoriale; nei restanti 24 la sintomatologia era invariata con tendenza al miglioramento in 14 dei 17 pazienti sintomatici per coinvolgimento dei fasci mielinici segnalati.

Conclusioni

La tecnica della trattografia con RM offre al neurochirurgo una nuova panoramica anatomica che permette una migliore pianificazione della procedura chirurgica di resezione di patologia cerebrale. Nonostante l’elevata incidenza di casi in cui la patologia determina modificazioni che inficiano la possibilità di ricostruire i fasci di sostanza bianca, la tecnica modifica l’approccio chirurgico di corticotomia, consente di definire i limiti di resezione e determina globalmente un cambiamento dell’intervento nell’80% dei casi. Il miglioramento della sintomatologia pre-esistente e l’assenza di nuovi sintomi in fase post-operatoria conferma, a nostro avviso, la sua validità.

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Romano, A., Ferrante, M., Cipriani, V. et al. Role of magnetic resonance tractography in the preoperative planning and intraoperative assessment of patients with intra-axial brain tumours. Radiol med 112, 906–920 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11547-007-0181-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11547-007-0181-1

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