Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Conversion of Potato Starch and Peel Waste to High Value Nanocrystals

  • Published:
Potato Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The present study aimed to convert starch and potato peel waste to nanocrystals. Starch nanocrystals were prepared using two methodologies: direct acid hydrolysis and enzyme pretreatment followed by acid hydrolysis. Direct hydrolysis broke down the starch granules to nanocrystals in 12 days. Enzyme pretreatment with starch hydrolytic enzymes (α-amylase and amyloglucosidase) reduced the time for preparation of starch nanocrystals by 6 days. Starch nanocrystals of optimum size were obtained with both the treatments and the resultant size ranged from 10 to 50 nm. Nanocrystals were disk-like platelets in appearance. Cellulose nanocrystals were derived from cellulosic material in the potato peel. Cellulose was isolated from peel waste with alkali treatment. Further, cellulose nanocrystals from potato peel and cellulose microcrystalline were prepared by acid hydrolysis. Microscopic images revealed that the aqueous suspension of cellulose nanocrystals derived from potato peel were single rod shaped, whereas those derived from cellulose microcrystalline were rod-like nanoparticles, agglomerated in the form of bundles including some of the rods in single units (well separated). The size of potato peel nanocrystals ranged from 40 to 100 nm (length) and cellulose microcrystalline ranged from 4 to 20 nm (diameter) by 110 to 250, given 4 to 20 nm (length), respectively. As starch nanocrystals as well as cellulose nanocrystals are derived from biopolymer, both can be considered safe for humans and the environment. Moreover, the biodegradable nature of these nanocrystals makes them superior over metallic nanoparticles, particularly in the field of nanocomposites.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Averous L, Halley PJ (2009) Biocomposites based on plasticized starch. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin 3(3):329–343

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beck-Candanedo S, Roman M, Gray DG (2005) Effect of reaction conditions on the properties and behavior of wood cellulose nanocrystal suspensions. Biomacromolecules 6:1048–1054

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bica CID, Borsali R, Rochas C, Geissler E (2006) Dynamics of cellulose whiskers spatially trapped in agarose hydrogels. Macromolecules 39:3622–3627

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cao X, Dong H, Li CM (2007) New nanocomposite materials reinforced with flax cellulose nanocrystals in waterborne polyurethane. Biomacromolecules 8(3):899–904

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen G, Wei M, Chen J, Huang J, Dufresne A, Chang PR (2008) Simultaneous reinforcing and toughening: new nanocomposites of waterborne polyurethane filled with low loading level of starch nanocrystals. Polymer 49(7):1860–1870

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y, Liu C, Chang PR, Cao X, Anderson DP (2009) Bionanocomposites based on pea starch and cellulose nanowhiskers hydrolysed from pea hull fibre: effect of hydrolysis time. Carbohydr Polym 76:607–615

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen D, Lawton D, Thompson MR, Liu Q (2012) Biocomposites reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals derived from potato peel waste. Carbohydr Polym 90:709–716

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dufresne A (2010) Natural rubber green nanocomposites. In: Ranimol S, Thomas S (eds) Rubber nanocomposites: preparation, properties, and applications. John Wiley & Sons, Singapore, pp 113–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuglie KO (1999) Raw materials for starch in Asia: some economic considerations. UPWARD [Users’ perspective with agricultural Research and Development network] field Notes,7(2): 5–7

  • Hafraoui S, Nishiyama Y, Putaux J-L, Heux L, Dubreuil F, Rochas C (2008) The shape and size distribution of crystalline nanoparticles prepared by acid hydrolysis of native cellulose. Biomacromolecules 9:57–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim J-Y, Park D-J, Lim S-T (2008) Fragmentation of waxy rice starch granules by enzymatic hydrolysis. Cereal Chem 85(2):182–187

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lani NS, Ngadi N, Johari A, Jusoh M (2014) Isolation, characterization and application of nanocellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber as nanocomposites. J Nanomater., Article ID 702538, 9 pages. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/702538

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LeCorre D, Bras J, Dufense A (2012a) Influence of native starch’s properties on starch nanocrystals thermal properties. Carbohydr Polym 87:658–666

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LeCorre D, Vahanian E, Dufresne A, Bras J (2012b) Enzymatic pretreatment for preparing starch nanocrystals. Biomacromolecules 13:132–137

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Ragauskas AJ (2011) Cellulose nano whiskers as reinforcing filler in polyurethanes. In: Reddy B (ed.). Advances in diverse industrial applications of nanocomposites, ISBN: 978–953–307-202-9. pp 17–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin N, Huang J, Chang PR, Feng L, Yu J (2011) Effect of polysaccharide nanocrystals on structure, properties, and drug release kinetics of alginate-based microspheres. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces 85(2):270–279

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin N, Huang J, Dufresne A (2012) Preparation, properties and applications of polysaccharide nanocrystals in advanced functional nanomaterials: a review. Nano 4:3274–3294

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morais JPS, de F Rosa MF, Filho M d s M d S, Nascimento LD, Nascimento DM, Cassales AR (2013) Extraction and characterization of nanocellulose structures from raw cotton linter. Carbohydr Polym 91:229–235

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Othman SH, Rashid SA, Ghazi TI, Abdullah N (2012) Dispersion and stabilization of photocatalytic TiO2 nanoparticles in aqueous suspension for coating applications. J Nanomater. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/718214, Article ID 718214, 10 pages

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pelissari FM, Sobral PJA, Menegalli FC (2014) Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanofibers from banana peels. Cellulose 21:417–432

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qua EH, Hornsby PR, Sharma HSS, Lyons G, McCall RD (2009) Preparation and characterization of poly(vinyl alcohol) nanocomposites made from cellulose nanofibers. J Appl Polym Sci 113(4):2238–2247. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.30116

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raigond P, Ezekiel R, Kaundal B (2014) Starch fractions of cooked potatoes at low temperature. Potato J 41(1):58–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Raigond P, Ezekiel R, Singh B, Dutt S, Joshi A and Rinki (2015) Resistant starch production technologies—a review. Potato J 42(2): 81–94

  • Raigond P, Raigond B, Kaundal B, Singh B, Joshi A, Dutt S (2017) Effect of zinc nanoparticles on antioxidative system of potato plants. J Env Biol 38:435–439

  • Rajisha KR, Maria HJ, Pothan LA, Ahmad Z, Thomas S (2014) Preparation and characterization of potato starch nanocrystal reinforced natural rubber nanocomposites. Int J Biol Macromol 67:147–153

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosa MF, Medeiros EF, Malmonge JA, Gregorsky KS, Wood DF, Mattoso LHC et al (2010) Cellulose nanowhiskers from coconut husk fibers: effect of preparation conditions on their thermal and morphological behavior. Carbohydr Polym 81(1):83–92

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosa SML, Rehman N, de Miranda MIG, Nachtigall SMB, Bica CID (2012) Chlorine-free extraction of cellulose from rice husk and whisker isolation. Carbohydr Polym 87:1131–1138

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samir M, Alloin F, Dufresne A (2005) Review of recent research into cellulosic whiskers, their properties and their application in nanocomposite field. Biomacromolecules 6(2):612–626

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh B, Mehta A, Raigond P (2014) Management practices to reduce the post harvest losses in potatoes. In: Souvenir of national seminar on ‘post harvest management and processing of potatoes for increasing food security in India’. pp: 1–5

  • Singh B, Raigond P, Joshi A, Mehta A, Singh BP (2016) A manual on potato processing in India. CPRI Technical Bulletin No. 48 (Revised). ICAR- Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, pp 1

  • Valodkar M, Thakore S (2011) Isocyanate crosslinked reactive starch nanoparticles for thermo-responsive conducting applications. Carbohydr Res 345(16):2354–2360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu Y, Xianfeng D, Ge H, Lv Z (2011) Preparation of microporous starch by glucoamylase and ultrasound. Starch 63:217–225

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang X, Huang J, Chang PR, Li J, Chen Y, Wang D, Yu J, Chen J (2010) Structure and properties of polysaccharide nanocrystal-doped supramolecular hydrogels based on cyclodextrin inclusion. Polymer 51(19):4398–4407

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Authors are thankful to Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR), New Delhi for its support by sanctioning a project titled “Biodegradable and antimicrobial nanocomposite films based on potato starch for food packaging application” through Consortium Research Platform (CRP) on Nanotechnology.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Crop Physiology, Biochemistry and Post Harvest Technology, ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171001, India

    Pinky Raigond, Ankita Sood & Brajesh Singh

  2. Plant Protection Division, ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171001, India

    Baswaraj Raigond & Tarvinder Kochhar

Authors
  1. Pinky Raigond
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Baswaraj Raigond
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Tarvinder Kochhar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ankita Sood
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Brajesh Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pinky Raigond.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Raigond, P., Raigond, B., Kochhar, T. et al. Conversion of Potato Starch and Peel Waste to High Value Nanocrystals. Potato Res. 61, 341–351 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11540-018-9381-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11540-018-9381-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation