Skip to main content
Log in

Guardrails to Constructing Learning: the Potential of Open Microcredentials to Support Inquiry-Based Learning

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
TechTrends Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Inquiry-based learning has been growing in popularity, but the ill-structured nature of complex problem-solving still has challenges related to how to ensure students learn the content and how to provide feedback. This paper addresses this gap by exploring how open microcredentials can support open-ended learning by providing “guardrails” that simultaneously honor the openness of student inquiry while addressing these challenges. This manuscript begins by exploring the theoretical tenents of IBI and the importance of self-directed learning in ill-structured problem-solving. We then discuss the challenges documented in the literature and how microcredentials could address some of the implementation issues described in the literature.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abramovich, S., Schunn, C., & Higashi, R. M. (2013). Are badges useful in education?: It depends upon the type of badge and expertise of learner. Educational Technology Research and Development, 61(2), 217-232.

  • Baars, M., Leopold, C., & Paas, F. (2018). Self-explaining steps in problem-solving tasks to improve self-regulation in secondary education. Journal of Educational Psychology, 110(4), 578–595.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belland, B., Walker, A., Kim, N., & Lefler, M. (2017). Synthesizing results from empirical research on computer-based scaffolding in STEM education. Review of Educational Research, 87(2), 309–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J. S., Collins, A., & Duguid, P. (1989). Situated cognition and the culture of learning. Educational Researcher, 18(1), 32–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, S. W., Lawless, K. A., & Boyer, M. A. (2013). Promoting positive academic dispositions using a web-based PBL environment: The GlobalEd 2 project. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, 7(1), 7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Capps, D. K., & Crawford, B. A. (2013). Inquiry-Based Instruction and Teaching About Nature of Science: Are They Happening? Journal of Science Teacher Education, 24(3), 497–526.

  • Chian, M. M., Bridges, S. M., & Lo, E. C. M. (2019). The Triple Jump in Problem-Based Learning: Unpacking Principles and Practices in Designing Assessment for Curriculum Alignment. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, 13(2), 8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clements, K., West, R. E., & Hunsaker, E. (2020). Getting started with open badges. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 21(1), 153-171. Doi:10.19173/irrodl.v21i1.4529. Available at http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/4529.

  • Dunlap, J. C. (2005). Problem-based learning and self-efficacy: How a capstone course prepares students for a profession. Educational Technology Research and Development, 53(1), 65–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ertmer, P., & Koehler, A. A. (2018). Facilitation strategies and problem space coverage: Comparing face-to-face and online case-based discussions. Educational Technology Research and Development, 66(3), 639–670.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ertmer, P., Ottenbreit-Leftwich, A. T., Sadik, O., Sendurur, E., & Sendurur, P. (2012). Teacher beliefs and technology integration practices: A critical relationship. Computers & Education, 59(2), 423–435.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eseryel, D., Ifenthaler, D., & Ge, X. (2013). Validation study of a method for assessing complex ill-structured problem solving by using causal representations. Educational Technology, Research and Development, 61(3), 443–463.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fanshawe, M., Delaney, N., & Powell, A. (2020). Utilizing instantaneous feedback to promote self-regulated learning in online higher education courses: The Case for digital badges. In Technology-Enhanced Formative Assessment Practices in Higher Education (pp. 41–59). IGI Global.

  • Gamrat, C., Zimmerman, H. T., Dudek, J., & Peck, K. (2014). Personalized workplace learning: An exploratory study on digital badging within a teacher professional development program: Digital badging as teacher professional development. British Journal of Educational Technology, 45(6), 1136–1148 10.1111/bjet.12200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giabbanelli, P. J., & Tawfik, A. A. (2019). Overcoming the PBL assessment challenge: Design and development of the incremental thesaurus for assessing causal maps (ITACM). Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 24(2), 161–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glazewski, K. D., & Hmelo-Silver, C. E. (2018). Scaffolding and supporting use of information for ambitious learning practices. Information and Learning Sciences, 120(1), 39–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graesser, A. C., McNamara, D. S., & VanLehn, K. (2005). Scaffolding Deep Comprehension Strategies Through Point&Query, AutoTutor, and iSTART. Educational Psychologist, 40(4), 225–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greiff, S., Wüstenberg, S., Csapó, B., Demetriou, A., Hautamäki, J., Graesser, A. C., & Martin, R. (2014). Domain-general problem solving skills and education in the 21st century. Educational Research Review, 13, 74–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hmelo-Silver, C., Duncan, R. G., & Chinn, C. (2007). Scaffolding and achievement in problem-based and inquiry learning: A response to Kirschner, Sweller, and Clark (2006). Educational Psychologist, 42(2), 99–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hod, Y., & Sagy, O. (2019). Conceptualizing the designs of authentic computer-supported collaborative learning environments in schools. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 14(2), 143–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hung, W. (2015). Problem-based learning: Conception, practice, and future. In Y. Cho, I. S. Caleon, & M. Kapur (Eds.), Authentic problem solving and learning in the 21st century (pp. 75–92). Springer.

  • Ifenthaler, D., Masduki, I., & Seel, N. M. (2011). The mystery of cognitive structure and how we can detect it: Tracking the development of cognitive structures over time. Instructional Science, 39(1), 41–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iordanou, K., Kuhn, D., Matos, F., Shi, Y., & Hemberger, L. (2019). Learning by arguing. Learning and Instruction, 63, 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iwata, J., Clayton, J., & Saravani, S. J. (2017). Learner autonomy, microcredentials and self-reflection: a review of a Moodle-based medical English review course. International Journal of Information and Communication Technology, 10(1), 42–50.

  • Jonassen, D. H. (1997). Instructional design models for well-structured and ill-structured problem-solving learning outcomes. Educational Technology Research and Development, 45(1), 65–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jonassen, D. H. (2011). Learning to solve problems: A handbook for designing problem-solving learning environments (1st ed.). Routledge.

  • Jovanovic, J., & Devedzic, V. (2014, August). Open badges: Challenges and opportunities. In International Conference on Web-Based Learning (pp. 56–65). Springer, Cham.

  • Ju, H., & Choi, I. (2017). The role of argumentation in hypothetico-deductive reasoning during problem-based learning in medical education: A conceptual framework. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, 12(1), 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kapur, M. (2018). Examining the preparatory effects of problem generation and solution generation on learning from instruction. Instructional Science, 46(1), 61–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, N. J., Belland, B. R., & Axelrod, D. (2019). Scaffolding for optimal challenge in K–12 problem-based learning. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, 13(1), 1–23.

  • Kirschner, P., Sweller, J., & Clark, R. (2006). Why minimal guidance during instruction does not work: An analysis of the failure of constructivist, discovery, problem-based, experiential, and inquiry-based teaching. Educational Psychologist, 41(2), 75–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolodner, J. (1992). An introduction to case-based reasoning. Artificial Intelligence Review, 6(1), 3–34.

  • Ku, K. Y. L., Ho, I. T., Hau, K.-T., & Lai, E. C. M. (2014). Integrating direct and inquiry-based instruction in the teaching of critical thinking: an intervention study. Instructional Science, 42(2), 251–269.

  • Kyewski, E., & Krämer, N. C. (2018). To gamify or not to gamify? An experimental field study of the influence of badges on motivation, activity, and performance in an online learning course. Computers & Education, 118, 25–37. Chicago

  • Lazonder, A., & Harmsen, R. (2016). Meta-analysis of inquiry-based learning: Effects of guidance. Review of Educational Research, 87(4), 1–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loyens, S., Jones, S. H., Mikkers, J., & van Gog, T. (2015). Problem-based learning as a facilitator of conceptual change. Learning and Instruction, 38, 34–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loyens, S., & Rikers, R. (2011). Instruction based on inquiry. In R. Mayer & R. Rikers (Eds.), Handbook of research on learning and instruction (pp. 361–381). Routledge Press.

  • Luo, H., Koszalka, T. A., Arnone, M. P., & Choi, I. (2018). Applying case-based method in designing self-directed online instruction: A formative research study. Educational Technology Research and Development: ETR & D, 66(2), 515–544.

    Google Scholar 

  • Netcoh, S., & Bishop, P. A. (2017). Personalized learning in the middle grades: A case study of one team’s successes and challenges. Middle Grades Research Journal, 11(2), 33–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newby, T., Wright, C., Besser, E., & Beese, E. (2016a). Passport to designing, developing and issuing digital instructional badges. In D. Ifenthaler, N. Bellin-Mularski, & D. K. Mah (Eds.), Foundation of Digital Badges and Micro-Credentials. Cham: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newby, T., Wright, C., Besser, E., & Beese, E. (2016b). Passport to designing, developing and issuing digital instructional badges. In D. Ifenthaler, N. Bellin-Mularski, & D. K. Mah (Eds.), Foundation of Digital Badges and Micro-Credentials. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oh, E. G., Huang, W.-H. D., Hedayati Mehdiabadi, A., & Ju, B. (2018). Facilitating critical thinking in asynchronous online discussion: comparison between peer- and instructor-redirection. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 30(3), 489–509.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olney, A. M., Graesser, A. C., & Person, N. K. (2012). Question generation from concept maps. Dialogue & Discourse, 3(2), 75–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Otero, J., & Graesser, A. C. (2001). PREG: Elements of a model of question asking. Cognition and Instruction, 19(2), 143–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, S. H., & Ertmer, P. A. (2008). Examining barriers in technology-enhanced problem-based learning: Using a performance support systems approach. British Journal of Educational Technology, 39(4), 631–643.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peltier, C., & Vannest, K. J. (2017). A Meta-Analysis of Schema Instruction on the Problem-Solving Performance of Elementary School Students. Review of Educational Research, 87(5), 899–920.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randall, D. L., Harrison, J. B., & West, R. E. (2013). Giving credit where credit is due: Designing open badges for a technology integration course. TechTrends, 57(6), 88–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randall, D., West, R. E., & Farmer, T. (2019). Effectiveness of undergraduate instructional design assistants in scaling a teacher education open badge system. Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education 19(4). Retrieved from http://bit.ly/IDABadges.

  • Rees Lewis, D. G., Gerber, E. M., Carlson, S. E., & Easterday, M. W. (2019). Opportunities for educational innovations in authentic project-based learning: understanding instructor perceived challenges to design for adoption. Educational Technology Research and Development, 67(4), 953–982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid, A. J., Paster, D., & Abramovich, S. (2015). Digital badges in undergraduate composition courses: Effects on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Computers in Education, 2(4), 377–398.

  • Reilly, C. M., Kang, S. Y., Grotzer, T. A., Joyal, J. A., & Oriol, N. E. (2019). Pedagogical moves and student thinking in technology-mediated medical problem-based learning: Supporting novice-expert shift. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(5), 2234–2250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rillero, P., & Camposeco, L. (2018). The iterative development and use of an online problem-based learning module for preservice and inservice Teachers. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, 12(1), 7.

  • Salmon, G., Gregory, J., Lokuge Dona, K., & Ross, B. (2015). Experiential online development for educators: The example of the C arpe D iem MOOC. British Journal of Educational Technology, 46(3), 542–556.

  • Savery, J. (2006). Overview of problem-based learning: Definitions and distinctions. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, 1(1). http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/ijpbl/vol1/iss1/3

  • Schank, R. (1999). Dynamic memory revisited (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.

  • Schmidt, H., Rotgans, J. I., & Yew, E. (2011). The process of problem-based learning: What works and why. Medical Education, 45(8), 792–806.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, B. (2004). The paradox of choice: Why more is less. New York: Ecco.

  • Skipper, W. (2018, April 20). Introducing Badgr Pathways. Concentric Sky. Available at https://www.concentricsky.com/articles/detail/introducing-badgr-pathways.

  • Stansberry, S., & Haselwood, S. (2017). Gamifying a course to teach games and simulations for learning. International Journal of Designs for Learning, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.14434/ijdl.v8i2.20897.

  • Tamim, S., & Grant, M. (2013). Definitions and uses: Case study of teachers implementing project-based learning. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, 7(2) 10.7771/1541-5015.1323.

  • Tawfik, A. A., & Kolodner, J. (2016). Systematizing scaffolding for problem-based learning: A view from case-based reasoning. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, 10(1).

  • van Laar, E., van Deursen, A. J. A. M., van Dijk, J. A. G. M., & de Haan, J. (2017). The relation between 21st-century skills and digital skills: A systematic literature review. Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 577–588.

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Aufschnaiter, C., Erduran, S., Osborne, J., & Simon, S. (2008). Arguing to learn and learning to argue: Case studies of how students’ argumentation relates to their scientific knowledge. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 45(1), 101–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, A., & Leary, H. (2009). A problem based learning meta analysis: Differences across problem types, implementation types, disciplines, and assessment levels. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, 3(1). http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/ijpbl/vol3/iss1/3

  • West, R. E., Newby, T., Cheng, Zui, & Clements, K. (2020). Acknowledging all learning: Flexible, micro, and open credentials. In M. J. Bishop, E. Boling, J. Elen, & V. Svihla (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Educational Communications Technology (5th Ed.).

  • Wijnen, M., Loyens, S., Smeets, G., Kroeze, M., & Van der Mollen, H. (2017). Students’ and teachers’ experiences with the implementation of problem-based learning at a university law school. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning11(2), 1–11.

  • Wijnia, L., Loyens, S., & Derous, E. (2011/4). Investigating effects of problem-based versus lecture-based learning environments on student motivation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 36(2), 101–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wijnia, L., Loyens, S. M. M., Derous, E., & Schmidt, H. G. (2016). University teacher judgments in problem-based learning: Their accuracy and reasoning. Teaching and Teacher Education, 59, 203–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilder, S. (2015). Impact of problem-based learning on academic achievement in high school: A systematic review. Educational Review, 67(4), 414–435.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woolley, K. E., Huang, T., & Rabinowitz, M. (2019). The effects of knowledge, strategies, and the interaction between the two in verbal analogy problem solving. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 56, 91–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuriev, E., Naidu, S., Schembri, L. S., & Short, J. L. (2017). Scaffolding the development of problem-solving skills in chemistry: Guiding novice students out of dead ends and false starts. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 18(3), 486–504.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, Z., Richardson, J. C., & Newby, T. J. (2019). Using digital badges as goal-setting facilitators: A multiple case study. Journal of Computing in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-019-09240-z.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Richard E. West.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest.

Research Involving Human Participants

This article does not report research involving human and/or animal participants.

Informed Consent

This article did not require informed consent as it is not reporting research.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

West, R.E., Tawfik, A.A., Gishbaugher, J.J. et al. Guardrails to Constructing Learning: the Potential of Open Microcredentials to Support Inquiry-Based Learning. TechTrends 64, 828–838 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-020-00531-2

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-020-00531-2

Keywords

Navigation