References
AECT Task Force on Definition and Terminology. (1977). Educational technology: Definition and glossary of terms (Vol. 1). Washington, D.C.: Association for Educational Communications and Technology.
Clark, R. E. (1989). Current progress and future directions for research in instructional technology. Educational Technology Research & Development, 37(1), 57–66.
Cox, S. (2003). Practices and academic preparation of instructional designers. Unpublished masters thesis, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT.
De Vaney, A., & Butler, R. P. (1996). Voices of the founders: Early discourses in educational technology. In D. H. Jonassen (Ed.), Handbook of research for educational communications and technology (pp. 3–45). New York: Macmillan Library Reference USA.
Ertmer, P. A., & Cennamo, K. S. (1995). Teaching instructional design: An apprenticeship model. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 8(4), 43–58.
Gustafson, K.L. (2001). Undergraduate degrees programs in instructional design and technology: Do they make sense? Educational Technology Research & Development, 49(2), 57–67.
Hannafin, M. J., & Hannafin, K. M. (1995). The status and future of research in instructional design & technology revisited. In G. J. Anglin (Ed.), Instructional technology: Past, present, and future (2nd ed., pp. 314–321). Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited, Inc.
Heinich, R. (1995). The proper study of instructional technology. In G. J. Anglin (Ed.), Instructional technology: Past, present, and future (pp. 61–83). Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited, Inc.
Hill, J. R., Bichelmeyer, B. A., Boling, E., Gibbons, A. S., Grabowski, B. L., Osguthorpe, R. T., et al. (2004). Perspectives on significant issues facing instructional design and technology. In M. Orey, M. A. Fitzgerald & R. M. Branch (Eds.), Educational media and technology yearbook (pp. 23–43). Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited.
Januszewski, A. (2005). Stasis and change in the definition of educational technology: The rationale and decision making process. TechTrends, 49(1), 45–46.
Molenda, M. (2003). In search of the elusive ADDIE model. Performance Improvement, 42(5), 34–36.
Nelson, H. G., & Stolterman, E. (2003). The design way: Intentional change in an unpredictable world: Foundations and fundamentals of design competence. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.
Noble, D. F. (1998). Selling academe to the technology industry. Thought & Action: The NEA Higher Education Journal, 14(1), 29–40.
Oppenheimer, T. (1997). The computer delusion. The Atlantic Monthly. 280(1), 45–62.
Pershing, J. A., & Lee, S. H. (1999). Employment profiles and compensation for educational technologists. TechTrends, 43(6), 7–14.
Reiser, R. A. (2001a). A history of instructional design and technology: Part I: A history of instructional media. Educational Technology Research & Development, 49(1), 53–64.
Reiser, R. A. (2001b). A history of instructional design and technology: Part II: A history of instructional design. Educational Technology Research & Development, 49(2), 57–67.
Reiser, R. A. (2002). What field did you say you were in? Defining and naming our field. In R. A. Reiser & J. V. Dempsey (Eds.), Trends and issues in instructional design and technology (pp. 5–15). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill Prentice Hall.
Rowland, G., Parra, M. L., & Basnet, K. (1994). Educating instructional designers: Different methods for different outcomes. Educational Technology, 34(6), 5–11.
Saettler, P. (1990). The evolution of American educational technology. Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited, Inc.
Seels, B. B., & Richey, R. C. (1994). Instructional technology: Definition and domain of the field. Washington, DC: Association for Educational Communications and Technology.
Tickton, S. G. (1970). To improve learning: An evaluation of instructional technology (Vol. 1). New York: R. R. Bowker Company.
Tripp, S. D. (1994). How should instructional designers be educated? Performance Improvement Quarterly, 7(3), 116–126.
Wedman, J., & Tessmer, M. (1993). Instructional designers’ decisions and priorities: A survey of design practice. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 6(2), 43–57.
Winer, L. R., & Vazquez-Abad, J. (199?). The present and future of ID practice. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 8(3), 55–67.
Winn, W. (1986). Trends and future directions in educational technology research from a North American perspective. Programmed Learning and Educational Technology, 23(4), 345–355.
Winn, W. (1989). Toward a rationale and theoretical basis for educational technology. Educational Technology & Research Development, 37(1), 35–46.
Winn, W. (2002). Current trends in educational technology research: The study of learning environments. Educational Psychology Review, 14(3), 331–351
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Kennon M. Smith is a doctoral candidate in instructional systems technology (IST) at Indiana University. Her research interests include the history and definitions of the instructional design and technology field, as well as the ways instructional illustrations can be used to facilitate learning and teaching.
Jason Hessing graduated from Indiana University’s IST Master’s program in the spring of 2004. He is currently a business analyst with Albertsons Inc., where he actively pursues career interests in human performance technology, corporate software training and human computer interaction.
Barbara A. Bichelmeyer is associate professor in the Department of Instructional Systems Technology at Indiana University, where she has been on faculty for 10 years. She received her Ph.D. in educational communications and technology from the University of Kansas.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Smith, K.M., Hessing, J. & Bichelmeyer, B.A. Graduate Students’ Perceptions and Expectations of Instructional Design and Technology. TECHTRENDS TECH TRENDS 50, 17–27 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-006-0017-1
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-006-0017-1