Abstract
The results of research on the processing of morphologically complex words are consistent with a lexical system that activates both whole-word and constituent representations during word recognition. In this study, we focus on written production and examine whether semantically priming the first constituent of a compound influences the ease of producing a compound (as measured by typing latencies), and whether any such priming effect depends on the semantic transparency of the compound’s constituents. We found that semantic transparency of the constituents affects whether semantic priming results in changes to processing. However, it is not only the semantic transparency of the primed constituent that exerts an influence—for example, the semantic transparency of the head affects whether semantically priming the modifier results in a change in typing times. We discuss these effects in terms of competition among the various representations as the compound is output, such that overall performance is a combination of facilitation and inhibition that changes over the course of the output.
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This research was supported by NSERC Discovery Grants (250028 and 203054) to each author.
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Appendix
Appendix
Related prime | Unrelated prime | TO target | OO target | TT target | OT target |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
child | sweat | babyboom | babygrand | ||
spine | sugar | backdrop | backlog | ||
music | cold | bandshell | bandwagon | ||
sleep | card | bedspread | bedhead | ||
color | lady | blackhead | blackjack | ||
mind | white | brainchild | braindrain | ||
bread | down | butterscotch | butterfingers | ||
dog | pine | catnip | catwalk | ||
poor | turn | cheapskate | cheapshot | ||
calf | hot | cowpoke | cowlick | ||
slice | work | cutback | cutthroat | ||
eat | free | feedlot | feedback | ||
tulip | big | flowerbed | flowerchild | ||
silver | high | goldleaf | golddigger | ||
candy | front | gumdrop | gumshoe | ||
room | sweet | hallway | hallmark | ||
face | home | headlock | headcase | ||
steel | air | ironwork | ironcurtain | ||
finger | hard | knucklesandwich | knucklehead | ||
ground | funny | landmark | landlord | ||
tired | full | lazybones | lazysusan | ||
dirt | blue | sandbar | sandpiper | ||
sail | beat | shipyard | shipshape | ||
small | honey | shortcut | shortstop | ||
right | rain | sideburn | sidekick | ||
below | gate | underpants | underdog | ||
fight | check | warhead | warlock | ||
wet | green | watercress | waterworks | ||
breeze | red | windsock | windbag | ||
tree | power | woodwind | woodchuck | ||
point | flood | arrowhead | arrowroot | ||
spine | court | backache | backtalk | ||
color | sand | blackcurrant | blacklist | ||
deer | foot | buckskin | buckwheat | ||
cattle | board | bullfight | bulldog | ||
bread | place | buttermilk | butterfly | ||
mouse | dragon | catdoor | catfish | ||
puppy | pipe | dogbiscuit | dogwood | ||
chicken | ghost | eggbeater | eggplant | ||
elf | crab | fairyland | fairytale | ||
flame | worm | firelight | firebird | ||
country | key | flagpole | flagstone | ||
raisin | grass | grapevine | grapefruit | ||
finger | straw | handbag | handbook | ||
face | spear | headache | headstone | ||
donkey | hot | horsepower | horseplay | ||
home | turtle | houseboat | housefly | ||
ground | cold | landowner | landlady | ||
cream | heart | milkman | milkweed | ||
sky | step | moonlight | moonstone | ||
dark | corn | nightgown | nightstick | ||
mouth | witch | nosebleed | nosedive | ||
almond | flash | nutshell | nuthouse | ||
pen | game | paperweight | paperwork | ||
bean | life | peaplant | peanut | ||
spice | arm | pepperbox | peppermint | ||
needle | jelly | pincushion | pinstripe | ||
flower | tape | rosebush | rosewood | ||
right | sun | sidecar | sidesaddle | ||
end | love | taillight | tailspin |
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Gagné, C.L., Spalding, T.L. Written production of English compounds: effects of morphology and semantic transparency. Morphology 26, 133–155 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11525-015-9265-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11525-015-9265-0