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Mechanisms of Dendritic Cell Trafficking Across the Blood–brain Barrier

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Abstract

Although the central nervous system (CNS) is considered to be an immunoprivileged site, it is susceptible to a host of autoimmune as well as neuroinflammatory disorders owing to recruitment of immune cells across the blood–brain barrier into perivascular and parenchymal spaces. Dendritic cells (DCs), which are involved in both primary and secondary immune responses, are the most potent immune cells in terms of antigen uptake and processing as well as presentation to T cells. In light of the emerging importance of DC traficking into the CNS, these cells represent good candidates for targeted immunotherapy against various neuroinflammatory diseases. This review focuses on potential physiological events and receptor interactions between DCs and the microvascular endothelial cells of the brain as they transmigrate into the CNS during degeneration and injury. A clear understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in DC migration may advance the development of new therapies that manipulate these mechanistic properties via pharmacologic intervention. Furthermore, therapeutic validation should be in concurrence with the molecular imaging techniques that can detect migration of these cells in vivo. Since the use of noninvasive methods to image migration of DCs into CNS has barely been explored, we highlighted potential molecular imaging techniques to achieve this goal. Overall, information provided will bring this important leukocyte population to the forefront as key players in the immune cascade in the light of the emerging contribution of DCs to CNS health and disease.

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Abbreviations

APC:

antigen presenting cell

DC:

dendritic cell

CNS:

central nervous system

CLN:

cervical lymph node

CSF:

cerebrospinal fluid

BBB:

blood-brain barrier

ECM:

extracellular matrix

EAE:

experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

FION:

ferrimagnetic iron oxide nanocubes

HEV:

high endothelial venule

HIVE:

HIV encephalopathy

HSV-1:

herpes simplex virus-1

ICAM:

intracellular cell adhesion molecule

IFN-γ:

interferon-γ

IL-1β:

interleukin-1β

JAM:

junctional adhesion molecule

LCMV:

lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus

LFA:

lymphocyte function-associated antigen

MCP:

monocyte chemotactic protein

MIP:

macrophage inflammatory protein

MVEC:

microvascular endothelial cell

MS:

multiple sclerosis

MRI:

magnetic resonance imaging

NIR:

near infrared

PECAM:

platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule

PET:

positron emission tomography

PFC:

perfluorocarbons

PSGL:

P-selectin glycoprotein ligand

RANTES:

regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted

SCI:

spinal cord injury

SDF-1:

stromal-derived factor-1

SGPG:

sulfoglucuronosyl paragloboside

SPECT:

single photon emission computed tomography

TJ:

tight junction

TNF-α:

tumor necrosis factor-α

VCAM:

vascular cell adhesion molecule

VLA:

very late antigen

ZO:

zona occludens

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Acknowledgements

Authors wish to acknowledge United States Public Health Service/National Institutes of Health grants R01 AI077414 to PJ and R21 AI 093172–01 to ZKK.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virology Research, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA

    Divya Sagar, Rasha El Baz, Zafar K. Khan & Pooja Jain

  2. Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA

    Catherine Foss & Martin G. Pomper

  3. Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Drexel Institute for Biotechnology & Virology Research, Drexel University College of Medicine, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA

    Pooja Jain

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  1. Divya Sagar
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  2. Catherine Foss
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Sagar, D., Foss, C., El Baz, R. et al. Mechanisms of Dendritic Cell Trafficking Across the Blood–brain Barrier. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 7, 74–94 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11481-011-9302-7

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