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Innate and Adaptive Factors Regulating Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Genomic Activation

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Abstract

Over the past decade, antiretroviral therapy targeting the viral entry process, reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease, has prolonged the lives of people infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). However, despite the development of more effective therapeutic strategies, reservoirs of viral infection remain. This review discusses molecular mechanisms surrounding the development of latency from the site of integration to pre- and post-integration maintenance of latency, including epigenetic factors. In addition, an overview of innate and adaptive cells important to HIV-1 infection are examined from the viewpoint of cytokines released and cytokines that act on these cells to explore an overall understanding of HIV-1 proviral genome activation. Finally, this review is discussed from the viewpoint of how an understanding of the interplay of all of these factors will help guide the next generation of therapies.

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Acknowledgements

These studies were funded in part by the Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health through grants from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NS32092 and NS46263, the National Institute of Drug Abuse, DA19807 (Dr. Brian Wigdahl, Principal Investigator), and under the Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award 5T32MH079785. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.

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  1. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA

    Sonia Shah, Michael R. Nonnemacher, Vanessa Pirrone & Brian Wigdahl

  2. Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Drexel University College of Medicine School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Sonia Shah, Michael R. Nonnemacher, Vanessa Pirrone & Brian Wigdahl

  3. Center for Molecular Therapeutics and Resistance, Drexel University College of Medicine School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Sonia Shah, Michael R. Nonnemacher, Vanessa Pirrone & Brian Wigdahl

  4. Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Sonia Shah, Michael R. Nonnemacher, Vanessa Pirrone & Brian Wigdahl

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Shah, S., Nonnemacher, M.R., Pirrone, V. et al. Innate and Adaptive Factors Regulating Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Genomic Activation. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 5, 278–293 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11481-010-9207-x

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