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The Effects of Cigarette Smoking, Alcohol Consumption, and Use of Both Cigarettes and Alcohol on Chinese Older Adults’ Sleep: Results from a Longitudinal Study 

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Abstract

We examined the effects of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and use of both cigarettes and alcohol on changes in sleep quality and duration among Chinese older adults. Using four waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS), we employed Cox two-state regression models to examine the changes in sleep quality and duration. The results showed the following: (1) Former users (cigarettes and/or alcohol), current alcohol users, current smokers, or users who used both cigarettes and alcohol all reported lower odds of worsening sleep quality (all p < 0.01; except former users, which was p < 0.05), compared with those who did not smoke and use alcohol at all. (2) Among older adults who maintained poorer sleep quality (from not good to not good), only users of both cigarettes and alcohol were less likely to experience this outcome (p < 0.05). (3) Only former users and current smokers had higher odds of transitioning from recommended sleep duration of 7–8 h daily into the non-recommended range (all p < 0.05), compared with older adults who did not use cigarettes and alcohol. Chinese older adults may be more adaptive to the cultural norms and traditions of cigarette and alcohol uses. Further research efforts with experimental data are warranted to examine the impact of cigarettes and alcohol on Chinese older adults’ sleep.

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Acknowledgements

We sincerely thank two anonymous reviewers and the handling editor who provided valuable comments to improve the quality of this research. Data used for this research were provided by the “Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey” (CLHLS) managed by the Center for Healthy Aging and Development Studies, Peking University. CLHLS is supported by funds from the US National Institutes on Aging (NIA), China Natural Science Foundation, China Social Science Foundation, and United Nations Population Fund. We thank research participants and researchers for their efforts in collecting the CLHLS data.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Public Health and Sports Medicine, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, 65897, USA

    Yen-Han Lee

  2. Department of Nursing, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan, 112

    Yu-Hsuan Wu

  3. Department of Political Science, Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA

    Mack Shelley

  4. Department of Psychiatry, Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA

    Stephan Arndt

  5. Center for General Education, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan, 300

    Yen-Chang Chang

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Correspondence to Yen-Han Lee or Yen-Chang Chang.

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The research ethics committees of Duke University and Peking University approved the CLHLS study and design (IRB00001052-13074). All participants provided informed consent to the data investigators. Because this study relied on secondary data analysis, further documentations from Institutional Review Board (IRB) were not required at authors’ institutions. No experimental interventions were conducted.

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Lee, YH., Wu, YH., Shelley, M. et al. The Effects of Cigarette Smoking, Alcohol Consumption, and Use of Both Cigarettes and Alcohol on Chinese Older Adults’ Sleep: Results from a Longitudinal Study . Int J Ment Health Addiction 21, 1914–1930 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-021-00697-7

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