Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Critical Review of Dual Diagnosis Training for Mental Health Professionals

  • Published:
International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

To review evidence on the effects of training programs in dual diagnosis treatment for mental health professionals. Three databases were searched. Included studies were evaluated by an adapted version of Kirkpatrick’s Training Evaluation Model, which evaluates participant perception of training, the effect on professional competencies, transfer of training, and the effect on the patients. Overall findings from the eleven included studies suggested that participants valued the training, increased some professional competencies, and that some transfer of training occurred. The effect at the patient level showed mixed results. Training mental health professionals in dual diagnosis treatment may have a positive effect on professional competencies and clinical practice. Any conclusion regarding the overall training effect is premature due to limitations in study designs. Future studies on the effects of dual diagnosis training programs for mental health professionals should involve control groups, validated measures, follow-ups, and patient outcomes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adams, M. W. (2008). Comorbidity of mental health and substance misuse problems: a review of workers’ reported attitudes and perceptions. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 15(2), 101–108.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Archie, S., & Gyomorey, K. (2009). First episode psychosis, substance abuse and prognosis: a systematic review. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 5(3), 153–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barry, K. R., Tudway, J. A., & Blissett, J. (2002). Staff drug knowledge and attitudes towards drug use among the mentally ill within a medium secure psychiatric hospital. Journal of Substance Use, 7(1), 50–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buckley, R., & Caple, J. (2007). The theory & practice of training. Kogan Page Publishers.

  • Cleary, M., Hunt, G. E., Maheson, S., & Walter, G. (2009). Views of Australian mental health stakeholders on clients’ problematic drug and alcohol use. Drug and Alcohol Review, 28(2), 122–128. doi:10.1111/j.1465-3362.2008.00041.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clutterbuck, R., Tobin, D., Orford, J., Copello, A., Preece, M., Birchwood, M., et al. (2009). Exploring the attitudes of staff working within mental health settings toward clients who use cannabis. Drugs: Education, Prevention, and Policy, 16(4), 311–327. doi:10.1080/09687630801945861.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, P., Doolin, N., Hemming, I., & Rowlands, E. (2006). Participants’ evaluation of a training programme in dual diagnosis. Nursing Standard, 20(25), 48–56. doi:10.7748/ns2006.03.20.25.48.c4083.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Copello, A., Walsh, K., Graham, H., Tobin, D., Fellows, S., Griffith, E., et al. (2012). The impact of training within a comprehensive dual diagnosis strategy: the combined psychosis and substance use (COMPASS) experience. Mental Health and Substance Use, 5(3), 206–216. doi:10.1080/17523281.2012.660191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Craig, T. K. J., Johnson, S., McCrone, P., Afuwape, S., Hughes, E., Gournay, K., et al. (2008). Integrated care for co-occurring disorders: psychiatric symptoms, social functioning, and service costs at 18 months. Psychiatric Services, 59(3), 276–282.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Di Lorenzo, R., Galliani, A., Ferri, P., Landi, G., & Guicciardi, A. (2014). A retrospective analysis focusing on a group of patients with dual diagnosis treated by both mental health and substance use services. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 1479–1488. doi:10.2147/NDT.S65896

  • Drake, R. E., & Mueser, K. T. (2000). Psychosocial approaches to dual diagnosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 26(1), 105–118.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drake, R. E., Mueser, K. T., Clark, R. E., & Wallach, M. A. (1996). The course, treatment, and outcome of substance disorder in persons with severe mental illness. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 66(1), 42–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drake, R. E., Mueser, K. T., Brunette, M. F., & McHugo, G. J. (2004). A review of treatments for people with severe mental illnesses and co-occurring substance use disorders. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 27(4), 360–374.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, H. L. (2004). Implementing integrated treatment for co-existing substance use and severe mental health problems in assertive outreach teams: training issues. Drug and Alcohol Review, 23(4), 463–470. 10.1080/09595230412331324581.

  • Graham, H. L., Copello, A., Birchwood, M., Orford, J., McGovern, D., Mueser, K. T., et al. (2006). A preliminary evaluation of integrated treatment for co-existing substance use and severe mental health problems: impact on teams and service users. Journal of Mental Health, 15(5), 577–591. doi:10.1080/09638230600902633.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grella, C. E. (2003). Contrasting the views of substance misuse and mental health treatment providers on treating the dually diagnosed. Substance Use & Misuse, 38(10), 1433–1446. doi:10.1081/JA-120023393.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, S., Campbell, A., & McCaldin, H. (2008). A “dual diagnosis” community psychiatric nurse service in Lanarkshire: service innovation. Psychiatric Bulletin, 32(4), 139–142. doi:10.1192/pb.bp.107.015263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, S. S., Munk-Jorgensen, P., Guldbaek, B., Solgard, T., Lauszus, K. S., Albrechtsen, N., et al. (2000). Psychoactive substance use diagnoses among psychiatric in-patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 102(6), 432–438. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.102006432.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Happell, B., Carta, B., & Pinikahana, J. (2002). Nurses’ knowledge, attitudes and beliefs regarding substance use: a questionnaire survey. Nursing & Health Sciences, 4(4), 193–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haywood, T. W., Kravitz, H. M., Grossman, L. S., Cavanaugh, J. L., et al. (1995). Predicting the “revolving door” phenomenon among patients with schizophrenic, schizoaffective, and affective disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(6), 856–861.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heslop, K., Ross, C., Osmond, B., & Wynaden, D. (2013). The alcohol smoking and substance involvement screening test (ASSIST) in an acute mental health setting. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 11(5), 583–600. doi:10.1007/s11469-013-9428-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, V., & Holmshaw, J. (2010). Inpatient staff perceptions in providing care to individuals with co-occurring mental health problems and illicit substance use: staff perceptions towards patients with co-occurring ill-mental health and illicit substance use. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 17(10), 862–872. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2010.01620.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, E., Wanigaratne, S., Gournay, K., Johnson, S., Thornicroft, G., Finch, E., et al. (2008a). Training in dual diagnosis interventions (the COMO study): randomised controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry, 8(1), 12. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-8-12.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, L., Tobin, D., McGlynn, P., & Heffernan, K. (2008b). A pilot of team-based dual diagnosis training for assertive outreach teams. Advances in Dual Diagnosis, 1(2), 6–12. doi:10.1108/17570972200800011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, S., Thornicroft, G., Afuwape, S., Leese, M., White, I. R., Hughes, E., et al. (2007). Effects of training community staff in interventions for substance misuse in dual diagnosis patients with psychosis (COMO study) cluster randomised trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 191(5), 451–452. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.032367.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C., Nelson, C. B., McGonagle, K. A., Edlund, M. J., Frank, R. G., & Leaf, P. J. (1996). The epidemiology of co-occurring addictive and mental disorders: implications for prevention and service utilization. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 66(1), 17–31. doi:10.1037/h0080151.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkpatrick, D. L. (1998). Evaluating training programs : the four levels (2nd ed.). London: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laudet, A., Magura, S., Vogel, H., & Knight, E. (2002). Interest in and obstacles to pursuing work among unemployed dually diagnosed individuals. Substance Use & Misuse, 37(2), 145–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mangrum, L. F., Spence, R. T., & Lopez, M. (2006). Integrated versus parallel treatment of co-occurring psychiatric and substance use disorders. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 30(1), 79–84. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2005.10.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mayo, E. (1933). The human problems of an industrial civilization. New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNiel, D. E., Binder, R. L., & Robinson, J. C. (2005). Incarceration associated with homelessness, mental disorder, and co-occurring substance abuse. Psychiatric Services, 56(7), 840–846.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & The PRISMA Group (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097.http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Morojele, N. K., Saban, A., & Seedat, S. (2012). Clinical presentations and diagnostic issues in dual diagnosis disorders. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 25(3), 181–186. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e328351a429.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mueser, K. T., Noordsy, D. L., Drake, R. E., & Fox, L. (2003). Integrated Treatment for Dual Disorders: A Guide to Effective Practice. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Munro, A., Watson, H. E., & McFadyen, A. (2007). Assessing the impact of training on mental health nurses’ therapeutic attitudes and knowledge about co-morbidity: a randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 44(8), 1430–1438. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2006.07.024.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Najavits, L. M., & Kanukollu, S. (2005). It can be learned, but can it be taught?: results from a state-wide training initiative on PTSD and substance abuse. Journal of Dual Diagnosis, 1(4), 41–51. doi:10.1300/J374v01n04_05.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • NICE (2011). Psychosis with coexisting substance misuse: assessment and management in adults and young people. In Clinical guideline 120. London: NICE.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Gara, C., Keaney, F., Best, D., Harris, J., Boys, A., Leonard, F., et al. (2005). Substance misuse training among psychiatric doctors, psychiatric nurses, medical students and nursing students in a South London psychiatric teaching hospital. Drugs: Education, Prevention, and Policy, 12(4), 327–336. doi:10.1080/09687630500083691.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Neill, M., Addy, D., & Roche, A. M. (2004). Guidelines for evaluating alcohol and other drug education and training programs. Canberra: Australian Government of Department of Health and Ageing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olfson, M., Mechanic, D., Hansell, S., Boyer, C. A., & Walkup, J. (1999). Prediction of homelessness within three months of discharge among inpatients with schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services, 50(5), 667–673.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ralley, C., Allott, R., Hare, D. J., & Wittkowski, A. (2009). The use of the repertory grid technique to examine staff beliefs about clients with dual diagnosis. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 16(2), 148–158 http://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.606.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rani, S., & Byrne, H. (2012). A multi-method evaluation of a training course on dual diagnosis. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 19(6), 509–520. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2011.01808.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Regier, D. A., Farmer, M. E., Rae, D. S., et al. (1990). Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse: results from the epidemiologic catchment area (ECA) study. JAMA, 264(19), 2511–2518. doi:10.1001/jama.1990.03450190043026.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Renner, J. A. (2004). How to train residents to identify and treat dual diagnosis patients. Biological Psychiatry, 56(10), 810–816. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.04.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richmond, I., & Foster, J. (2003). Negative attitudes towards people with co-morbid mental health and substance misuse problems: an investigation of mental health professionals. Journal of Mental Health, 12(4), 393–403. doi:10.1080/0963823031000153439.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, S. D., Goodman, L. A., Osher, F. C., Swartz, M. S., Essock, S. M., Butterfield, M. I., et al. (2001). Prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C in people with severe mental illness. American Journal of Public Health, 91(1), 31–37.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ryrie, I., & McGowan, J. (1998). Staff perceptions of substance use among acute psychiatry inpatients. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 5(2), 137–142.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saxton, L., Lancashire, S., & Kipping, C. (2011). Meeting the training needs of staff working with older people with dual diagnosis. Advances in Dual Diagnosis, 4(1), 36–46. doi:10.1108/17570971111155603.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, L. M., Hesse, M., & Lykke, J. (2011). The impact of substance use disorders on the course of schizophrenia–a 15-year follow-up study: dual diagnosis over 15 years. Schizophrenia Research, 130(1–3), 228–233. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.04.011.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schulte, S. J., Meier, P. S., Stirling, J., & Berry, M. (2010). Dual diagnosis competency among addiction treatment staff: training levels, training needs and the link to retention. European Addiction Research, 16(2), 78–84. doi:10.1159/000277657.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sciacca, K., & Thompson, C. M. (1996). Program development and integrated treatment across systems for dual diagnosis: mental illness, drug addiction, and alcoholism (MIDAA). The Journal of Mental Health Administration, 23(3), 288–297. doi:10.1007/BF02522303.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siegfried, N., Ferguson, J., Cleary, M., Walter, G., & Rey, J. M. (1999). Experience, knowledge and attitudes of mental health staff regarding patients’ problematic drug and alcohol use. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 33(2), 267–273. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.1999.00547.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soyka, M. (2000). Substance misuse, psychiatric disorder and violent and disturbed behaviour. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 176(4), 345–350.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soyka, M., Albus, M., Immler, B., Kathmann, N., & Hippius, H. (2001). Psychopathology in dual diagnosis and non-addicted schizophrenics–are there differences? European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 251(5), 232–238.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tobin, D., & Boulton, D. (2009). Developing a training programme to support delivery of integrated dual diagnosis treatment in acute inpatient settings. Advances in Dual Diagnosis, 2(3), 14–19. doi:10.1108/17570972200900020.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Todd, J., Green, G., Harrison, M., Ikuesan, B. A., Self, C., Baldacchino, A., et al. (2004). Defining dual diagnosis of mental illness and substance misuse: some methodological issues. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 11(1), 48–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Toftdahl, N. G., Nordentoft, M., & Hjorthøj, C. (2015). Prevalence of substance use disorders in psychiatric patients: a nationwide Danish population-based study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 1–12. doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1104-4

  • Watson, H. E., & Munro, A. (2003). A study of staff training to promote effective care for clients with “dual diagnosis.”. Glasgow: Caledonian Nursing & Midwifery Research Centre, Glasgow Caledonian University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zammit, S., Moore, T. H. M., Lingford-Hughes, A., Barnes, T. R. E., Jones, P. B., Burke, M., et al. (2008). Effects of cannabis use on outcomes of psychotic disorders: systematic review. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 193(5), 357–363. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.046375.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Competence Centre for Dual Diagnosis, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services – Capital Region of Denmark, Boserupvej 2, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark

    Pernille Pinderup

  2. Centre for Alcohol and Drug Research, Aarhus University, Artillerivej 90, 2nd Floor, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark

    Birgitte Thylstrup & Morten Hesse

Authors
  1. Pernille Pinderup
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Birgitte Thylstrup
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Morten Hesse
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pernille Pinderup.

Ethics declarations

Funding

No grants or financial support were received for this review.

Informed consent

No animal or human studies were carried out by the authors for this article.

Disclosures

Pernille Pinderup, Birgitte Thylstrup, and Morten Hesse declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Appendix A: Search string

Appendix A: Search string

Search string

 

“alcohol dependenc*” OR “drug dependenc*” OR “drug use disorder*” OR “alcohol use disorder*” OR substance* OR “substance use disorder*” OR “drug abus*” OR “alcohol abus*” OR addiction*

AND

psychiatr* OR mental OR psychos* OR psychot*

AND

attitude* OR perception* OR knowledge OR stigma OR satisfaction OR skill* OR view* OR confidence OR treatment outcome OR efficacy OR competence* OR abilit*

AND

(train* OR program* OR educat* OR workshop OR intervent* OR quiz) NEAR/4 (doctor* OR staff OR nurse* OR professional* OR manager* OR psychiatrist* OR physician* OR psychologist* OR clinician* OR therapist* OR worker* OR personnel OR practitioner* OR co-existing OR coexisting OR cooccurring OR co-occurring OR co-morbidity OR comorbidity OR concurrent OR “dual diagnosis” OR “dual disorder”)

AND

co-existing OR coexisting OR cooccurring OR co-occurring OR co-morbidity OR comorbidity OR “dual diagnosis” OR “dual disorder” OR concurrent

Appendix B: Excluded studies

Excluded studies

Reason for exclusion

Eden, T., & Hughes, L. (2009). Facilitating the dialogue between service users and participants in a training situation. Advances in Dual Diagnosis, 2(3), 5–7.

Harwood, H. J., Kowalski, J., & Ameen, A. (2004). The need for substance abuse training among mental health professionals. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 32(2), 189–205.

Manley, D. S. (2008). Acceptability and applicability of Cue Exposure Therapy as a relapse prevention intervention for individuals who have substance misuse and mental health problems. Mental Health and Substance Use, 1(2), 172–184.

Maxwell, S. (2001). Care of people with dual disabilities in the mental health system: Education vs. attitude rehabilitation. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Skills, 5(1), 197–215.

Moore, J. (2013). Dual diagnosis: training needs and attitudes of nursing staff: Jayne Moore explores nursing staff’s training needs and their attitudes towards patients who misuse substances in a large forensic mental health service. Mental Health Practice, 16(6), 27–31.

Nehlin, C., Fredriksson, A., Gronbladh, L., & Jansson, L. (2012). Three hours of training improve psychiatric staff’s self-perceived knowledge and attitudes toward problem-drinking patients. Drug and Alcohol Review, 31(4), 544–549.

Rassool, G. H. (2006). Professional Education in Co-occurring Disorders: Some Considerations towards Practice Development: Journal of Addictions Nursing, 17(3), 187–191.

Schoener, E. P., Madeja, C. L., Henderson, M. J., Ondersma, S. J., & Janisse, J. J. (2006). Effects of motivational interviewing training on mental health therapist behavior. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 82(3), 269–275.

Wrong intervention

Cameron, J., Lee, N. K., & Harney, A. (2010). Changes in attitude to, and confidence in, working with comorbidity after training in screening and brief intervention. Mental Health and Substance Use: Dual Diagnosis, 3(2), 124–130.

Caravella, K., Tod, L., & Brown, A.-M. (2012). Awareness into action: How communication skills training enhances traditional substance abuse treatment programs. Journal of Global Drug Policy and Practice, 6(1).

Crowe, T. P., Kelly, P., Pepper, J., McLennan, R., Deane, F. P., & Buckingham, M. (2013). Service Based Internship Training to Prepare Workers to Support the Recovery of People with Co-Occurring Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 11(2), 269–280.

Hunter, S. B., Watkins, K. E., Wenzel, S., Gilmore, J., Sheehe, J., & Griffin, B. (2005). Training substance abuse treatment staff to care for co-occurring disorders. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 28(3), 239–245.

Lee, N., Jenner, L., Baker, A., Ritter, A., Hides, L., Norman, J., … Cameron, J. (2010). Screening and intervention for mental health problems in alcohol and other drug settings: Can training change practitioner behaviour? Drugs: Education, Prevention, and Policy, 18(2), 157–160.

Roussy, V., Thomacos, N., Rudd, A., & Crockett, B. (2013). Enhancing health-care workers’ understanding and thinking about people living with co-occurring mental health and substance use issues through consumer-led training. Health Expectations, 18(5), 1567–81.

Wenzel, S. L., Ebener, P., Hunter, S. B., Watkins, K. E., & Gilmore, J. M. (2005). Research-practice partners assess their first joint project. Science & Practice Perspectives, 3(1), 38–45.

Wrong study population

Covell, N. H., Margolies, P. J., Smith, M. F., Merrens, M. R., & Essock, S. M. (2011). Distance Training and Implementation Supports to Scale Up Integrated Treatment for People With Co-occurring Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders. Journal of Dual Diagnosis, 7(3), 162–172.

Davis, K., O’Neill, S., Devitt, T., Baerentzen, B., Little, N., & Wilkniss, S. (2012). Consulting in action: A case study of six community support teams sustaining integrated dual disorder treatment. American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, 15(4), 313–333.

Lewis, T. (2008). Dual diagnosis education by distance learning. Advances in Dual Diagnosis, 1(2), 13–18.

McKee, S. A., Harris, G. T., & Cormier, C. A. (2013). Implementing Residential Integrated Treatment for Co-occurring Disorders. Journal of Dual Diagnosis, 9(3), 249–259. http://doi.org/10.1080/15504263.2013.807073

Renner Jr., J. A., Quinones, J., & Wilson, A. (2005). Training psychiatrists to diagnose and treat substance abuse disorders. Current Psychiatry Reports, 7(5), 352–359.

Wrong outcomes

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Pinderup, P., Thylstrup, B. & Hesse, M. Critical Review of Dual Diagnosis Training for Mental Health Professionals. Int J Ment Health Addiction 14, 856–872 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-016-9665-3

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-016-9665-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation