Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Beyond Recovery: Colonization, Health and Healing for Indigenous People in Canada

  • Published:
International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

How do we limit our focus to mental health when Indigenous teaching demands a much wider lens? How do we respond to mental health recovery when Indigenous experience speaks to a very different approach to healing, and how can we take up the health of Indigenous people in Canada without a discussion of identity and colonization? We cannot, for the mental health and recovery of Indigenous people in Canada have always been tied to history, identity, politics, language and dislocation. Thus, in this paper, our aim is to make clear that history, highlight the impacts of colonization and expound on Indigenous healing practices taking place in Toronto. Based on findings from a local research project, we argue these healing practices go beyond limited notions of recovery and practice, offering profound and practical ways to address the physical, emotional, spiritual and mental health of Indigenous peoples.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aboriginal Youth Drug Strategy. (2009). Harm Reduction Trainer’s Manual. Ontario Federation of Indian Friendship Centres. Toronto. Retrieved on January 13, 2009, from http://www.dopendn.ca/HarmReduction.pdf.

  • Anishnawbe Health Clinic. (2006). Anishnawbe health brochure. Toronto: Anishnawbe Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armitage, A. (1995). Comparing the policy of aboriginal assimilation: Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. Vancouver: UBC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baskin, C. (2005). Circles of inclusion: Aboriginal world views in social work education. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Toronto (Canada), Retrieved June 2, 2008, from Dissertations & Theses: Full Text database. (Publication No. AAT NR27745).

  • Blackstock, C. (2008). Rooting mental health in an Aboriginal worldview. Ottawa: Provincial Centre of Excellence for Child and Youth Mental Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buti, A. (2002). The removal of Aboriginal children: Canada and Australia compared. University of Western Sydney Law Review. Retrieved January 7, 2009, from http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UWSLRev/2002/2.html.

  • Carpenter, J. (2002). Mental health recovery paradigm: implications for social work. Health and Social Work, 27(2), 86–94.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, R., Church, K., Costa, L., Harris, D., Moffatt, K., Mohammed, S., et al. (2008). Mental health recovery: Users and refusers. Final report on “Nothing about us without us:” What do psychiatric survivors in Toronto think about mental health “Recovery”?. Toronto: Wellesley Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Church, K. (2004). Mad people’s history: An outsider’s account of psychiatric survivor activism in english Canada. A paper presented to the Fifth Asian Non-Government Organizations Forum, Taipei City, Taiwan.

  • Colmant, S. A. (2000). U.S. and Canadian boarding schools: a review, past, and present. Native Americas Hemispheric Journal of Indigenous Issues, 17(4), 24–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deegan, P. E. (1988). Recovery: the lived experience of rehabilitation. Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 11(4), 11–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dion Stout, M., & Kipling, G. (2003). Aboriginal people, resilience and the residential school legacy. Ottawa: Aboriginal Healing Foundation. Retrieved on 4 February 2007 from: http://www.ahf.ca/.

  • Eigenbrod, R., Kakegamic, G., & Fiddler, J. (2003). Aboriginal literatures in Canada: A teacher’s resource guide. Ottawa: Curriculum Services Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott-Farrelly, T. (2004). Australian Aboriginal suicide: the need for an Aboriginal suicidology? Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health, 3(4). Retrieved January 7, 2009, from http://www.auseinet.com/journal/vol3iss3/elliottfarrelly.pdf.

  • Harding, C. M., Brooks, G. W., Ashikaga, T., Strauss, J. S., & Breier, A. (1986a). The Vermont longitudinal study of persons with severe mental illness: 1. Methodology, study sample and overall status 32 years later. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 718–725.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harding, C. M., Brooks, G. W., Ashikaga, T., Strauss, J. S., & Breier, A. (1986b). The Vermont longitudinal study of persons with severe mental illness: II. Long-term outcome of subjects who retrospectively met DSM-II criteria for schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 727–735.

    Google Scholar 

  • Health Canada. (2006). First nations, Inuit and Metis: Suicide prevention. Retrieved January 7, 2009 from http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fniahspnia/promotion/suicide/index-eng.php.

  • Jacobson, N., & Curtis, L. (2000). Recovery as policy in mental health services: strategies emerging from the states. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 23(4), 333–341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, N., & Greenley, D. (2001). What is recovery? A conceptual model and explication. Psychiatric Services, 52(4), 482–485.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jimenez, M. A. (1988). Chronicity in mental disorders: evolution of a concept. Social Casework, 69, 627–633.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirmayer, L., Brass, G., & Tait, C. (2000). The mental health of Aboriginal peoples: transformations of identity and community. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 45, 607–616.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirmayer, L., Brass, G., Holton, T., Paul, K., Simpson, C., & Tait, C. (2007). Suicide among Aboriginal people in Canada. Ottawa: Aboriginal Healing Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavallée, L. (2007). Physical activity and healing through the medicine wheel. Pimatisiwin-Journal of Aboriginal and Indigenous Community Health, 5(1), 127–153. Retrieved on July 26, 2007 from http://www.pimatisiwin.com/Articles/5.1F_Physical_Activity_and_Healing.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavallée, L. (2008). Balancing the medicine wheel through physical activity. Journal of Aboriginal Health, 4(1) Retrieved April 24, 2008 from http://www.naho.ca/english/journal/jah04_01/09MedicineWheel_64–71.pdf.

  • Lavallée, L. (2009). Practical application of an indigenous research framework and Indigenous research methods: sharing circles and Anishnaabe symbol-based reflection. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 8(1), 21–40. Retrieved April 28, 2009 from http://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/IJQM/article/view/943/5195.

  • Lavallée, L., Thorne, D., Day, K., Thorne, T., & Matchiwita, S. (2009). 2008 North American indigenous games health and social impact survey and fitness testing report. Toronto: Community report.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mead, S., & Copeland, M. E. (2000). What recovery means to us: consumers’ perspectives. Community Mental Health Journal, 36(3), 315–328.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • National Aboriginal Health Organization. (2005). First nations regional longitudinal health survey (RHS) 2002/03: The peoples’ report. Ottawa: National Aboriginal Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Association of Friendship Centres. (2006). National association of friendship centres history. Retrieved July 20, 2006, from www.nafcaboriginal.com/history.htm.

  • Native Canadian Centre. (2006). Native Canadian centre martial arts. Retrieved July 20, 2006, from http://www.ncct.on.ca/martialartsprogram.html.

  • North American Indigenous Games. (2002). North American indigenous games history, Retrieved on January 12, 2009 from http://www.2002naig.com/english2/about_history.html.

  • O’Hagan, M. (2004). Recovery in New Zealand: lessons for Australia? Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health, 3(1), 1–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poole, J. (2007). Behind the rhetoric of hope: A critical analysis of recovery discourses in Ontario. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. University of Toronto: Toronto.

  • Poole, J. (2008). The language of recovery. In Psychiatric Patient Advocate Office (Ed.), Honouring the past, shaping the future: 25 years of progress in mental health advocacy and rights protection (pp. 104–106). Toronto: The Queen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Restoule, J. P. (2006). Male Aboriginal identity formation in urban areas: A focus on process and context. Doctoral thesis. University of Toronto: Toronto.

  • Richmond, C., & Ross, S. (2009). The determinants of first nation and Inuit health: a critical population health approach. Health & Place, 15, 403–411.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, C. (2004). Powwow history. Retrieved January 3, 2004, from http://www.powwowcountry.com/powwow_history.htm.

  • Sinclair, R. (2007). Identity lost and found: lessons from the sixties scoop. First Peoples Child and Family Review, 3(1), 65–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trocme, N., Knoke, D., & Blackstock, C. (2004). Pathways to over-representation of Aboriginal children in Canada’s child welfare system. Social Services Review, 78(4), 577–600.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2001). Trends in Indian Health. Indian Health Service, Office of Public Health Office of Program Support, Division of Program Statistics.

  • Wesley-Esquimaux, C., & Smolewski, M. (2004). Historic trauma and Aboriginal healing. Ottawa: Aboriginal Healing Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lynn F. Lavallee.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Lavallee, L.F., Poole, J.M. Beyond Recovery: Colonization, Health and Healing for Indigenous People in Canada. Int J Ment Health Addiction 8, 271–281 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-009-9239-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-009-9239-8

Keywords

Navigation