Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Photonic crystals and microlasers fabricated with low refractive index material

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Frontiers of Physics in China Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Although the investigation on photonic band gap materials has been done more than two decades, it is still a big challenge to fabricate three-dimensional photonic crystal (PC) possessing wide band gaps in visible range. In this article, we have reviewed recent progresses on fabricating the PC with low refractive index material in visible range. In contrast to the material with large refractive index, it is cheap to use low refractive index material in fabricating the PC and will be greatly beneficial for future industrial productions. The holographic method to fabricate such a PC has been introduced, applying it to the design of the microlaser has also been discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. E. Yablonovitch, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1987, 58: 2059

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. S. John, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1987, 58: 2486

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. J. D. Joannopoulos, R. D. Meade, and J. N. Winn, Photonic Crystals, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  4. C. Soukoulis, Photonic Band Gap Materials, Norwell, MA: Kluwer, 1996

    Google Scholar 

  5. K. Sakoda, Optical Properties of Photonic Crystals, New York: Springer, 2001

    Google Scholar 

  6. S. John and J. Wang, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1990, 64: 2418

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. E. P. Petrov, V. N. Bogomolov, Kalosha, II, and S. V. Gaponenko, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1998, 81: 77

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. M. Megens, H. Schriemer, A. Lagendijk, and W. Vos, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1999, 83: 5401

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. J. D. Joannopoulos, P. R. Villeneuve, and S. Fan, Nature, 1997, 386: 143

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. H. Kosaka, T. Kawashima, A. Tomita, M. Notomi, T. Tamamura, T. Sato, and S. Kawakami, Appl. Phys. Lett., 1999, 74: 1212

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. H. Kosaka, T. Kawashima, A. Tomita, M. Notomi, T. Tamamura, T. Sato, and S. Kawakami, Phys. Rev. B, 1998, 58: 10096

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. M. Notomi, Phys. Rev. B, 2000, 62: 10696

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. C. Luo, S. G. Johnson, J. D. Joannopoulos, and J. B. Pendry, Phys. Rev. B, 2002, 65: 201104

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. P. V. Parimi, W. T. Lu, P. Vodo, J. Sokoloff, J. S. Derov, and S. Sridhar, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2004, 92: 127401

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. X. Zhang, Front. Phys. China, 2006, 1: 396

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. E. Yablonovitch, T. J. Gmitter, and K. M. Leung, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1991, 67: 2295

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. E. Yablonovitch, T. J. Gmitter, R. D. Meade, A. M. Rappe, K. D. Brommer, and J. D. Joannopoulos, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1991, 67: 3380

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. H. Sözüer and J. Dowling, J. Mod. Opt., 1994, 41: 231

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. K. Ho, C. Chan, C. Soukoulis, R. Biswas, and M. Sigalas, Solid State Comm., 1994, 89: 413

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. J. Wijnhoven and W. L. Vos, Science, 1998, 281: 802

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. A. Blanco, E. Chomski, S. Grabtchak, S. John, S. W. Leonard, J. P. Mondia, M. Ibisate, C. Lopez, F. Meseguer, and H. Miguez, Nature, 2000, 405: 437

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. V. Berger, O. Gauthier-Lafaye, and E. Costard, J. Appl. Phys., 1997, 82: 60

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. M. Campbell, D. N. Sharp, M. T. Harrison, R. G. Denning, and A. J. Turberfield, Nature, 2000, 404: 53

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. K. M. Leung and Y. F. Liu, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1990, 65: 2646

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. Z. Zhang and S. Satpathy, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1990, 65: 2650

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. K. M. Ho, C. T. Chan, and C. M. Soukoulis, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1990, 65: 3152

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. J. B. Pendry and A. MacKinnon, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1992, 69: 2772

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. J. Pendry, J. Mod. Opt., 1994, 41: 209

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. C. T. Chan, S. Datta, Q. L. Yu, M. Sigalas, K. M. Ho, and C. M. Soukoulis, Physica A, 1994, 211: 411

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. P. Tran, Phys. Rev. B, 1995, 52: 10673

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. N. Stefanou, V. Karathanos, and A. Modinos, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 1992, 4: 7389

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. X. Wang, X. Zhang, Q. Yu, and B. Harmon, Phys. Rev. B, 1993, 47: 4161

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. L. Wu, Y. Zhong, C. T. Chan, K. S. Wong, and G. P. Wang, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2005, 86: 241102

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  34. S. Y. Lin, J. G. Fleming, D. L. Hetherington, B. K. Smith, W. Zubrzycki, S. R. Kurtz, J. Bur, R. Biswas, K. M. Ho, and M. M. Sigalas, Nature, 1998, 394: 251

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  35. S. Noda, K. Tomoda, N. Yamamoto, and A. Chutinan, Science, 2000, 289: 604

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  36. E. Yablonovitch, Science, 2000, 289: 557

    Google Scholar 

  37. J. Wijnhoven and W. L. Vos, Nature, 1998, 281: 802

    Google Scholar 

  38. T. Y. M. Chan, O. Toader, and S. John, Phys. Rev. E, 2005, 71: 46605

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  39. D. N. Sharp, A. J. Turberfield, and R. G. Denning, Phys. Rev. B, 2003, 68: 205102

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  40. Y. C. Zhong, S. A. Zhu, H. M. Su, H. Z. Wang, J. M. Chen, Z. H. Zeng, and Y. L. Chen, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2005, 87: 061103

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  41. D. Gabor, Nature, 1948, 161: 777

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  42. A. Ashkin, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1978, 40: 729

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  43. M. Burns, J. Fournier, and J. Golovchenko, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1989, 63: 1233

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  44. M. Burns, J. Fournier, and J. Golovchenko, Science, 1990, 249: 749

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  45. G. Grynberg, B. Lounis, P. Verkerk, J. Courtois, and C. Salomon, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1993, 70: 2249

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  46. B. Cheng, W. Hu, J. Yang, Z. Li, D. Zhang, and G. Yang, Acta Phys. Sin., 1994, 3: 861

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  47. K. Petsas, A. Coates, and G. Grynberg, Phys. Rev. A, 1994, 50: 5173

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  48. D. Mei, B. Cheng, W. Hu, Z. Li, and D. Zhang, Opt. Lett., 1995, 20: 429

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  49. W. Hu, H. Li, B. Cheng, J. Yang, Z. Li, J. Xu, and D. Zhang, Opt. Lett., 1995, 20: 964

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  50. S. Kirkpatrick, J. Baur, C. Clark, L. Denny, D. Tomlin, B. Reinhardt, R. Kannan, and M. Stone, Appl. Phys. A, 1999, 69: 461

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  51. S. Shoji and S. Kawata, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2000, 76: 2668

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  52. X. Wang, H. Su, L. Zhang, Y. He, X. Zheng, and H. Wang, Appl. Opt., 2001, 40: 5588

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  53. I. Divliansky, T. Mayer, K. Holliday, and V. Crespi, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2003, 82: 1667

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  54. T. Kondo, S. Matsuo, S. Juodkazis, and H. Misawa, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2001, 79: 725

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  55. T. Kondo, S. Matsuo, S. Juodkazis, V. Mizeikis, and H. Misawa, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2003, 82: 2758

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  56. S. Liu, X. Zhang, and Y. Liu, Proc. SPIE, 2004, 5636: 128

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  57. Y. Liu, S. Liu, and X. Zhang, Proc. SPIE, 2004, 5636: 677

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  58. G. Schneider, E. Wetzel, J. Murakowski, and D. Prather, Proc. SPIE, 2005, 5720: 9

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  59. J. Klein-Wiele and P. Simon, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2003, 83: 4707

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  60. Y. V. Miklyaev, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2003, 82: 1284

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  61. G. P. Wang, C. Tan, Y. Yi, and H. Shan, J. Mod. Opt., 2003, 50: 2155

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  62. D. Prather, Y. Peng, G. Schneider, and J. Murakowski, Proc. SPIE, 2004, 5347: 224

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  63. L. Z. Cai, X. L. Yang, and Y. R. Wang, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 2002, 19: 2238

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  64. X. Yang, L. Cai, Y. Wang, and Q. Liu, Opt. Commun., 2003, 218: 325

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  65. H. M. Su, Y. C. Zhong, X. Wang, X. G. Zheng, J. F. Xu, and H. Z. Wang, Phys. Rev. E, 2003, 67: 56619

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  66. C. Ullal, M. Maldovan, M. Wohlgemuth, E. Thomas, C. White, and S. Yang, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 2003, 20: 948

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  67. C. K. Ullal, M. Maldovan, E. L. Thomas, G. Chen, Y. J. Han, and S. Yang, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2004, 84: 5434

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  68. R. C. Rumpf and E. G. Johnson, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 2004, 21: 1703

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  69. D. C. Meisel, M. Wegener, and K. Busch, Phys. Rev. B, 2004, 70: 165104

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  70. J. Moon, S. Yang, D. Pine, and W. Chang, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2004, 85: 4184

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  71. O. Toader, T. Y. M. Chan, and S. John, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2006, 89: 101117

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  72. D. Chanda and P. Herman, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2007, 91: 061122

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  73. E. Ozbay, A. Abeyta, G. Tuttle, M. Tringides, R. Biswas, C. T. Chan, C. M. Soukoulis, and K. M. Ho, Phys. Rev. B, 1994, 50: 1945

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  74. S. Shoji, H. B. Sun, and S. Kawata, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2003, 83: 608

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  75. Y. Lin, P. R. Herman, and K. Darmawikarta, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2005, 86: 071117

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  76. Y. Lin, D. Rivera, and K. P. Chen, Opt. Express, 2006, 14: 887

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  77. Y. K. Pang, J. C. Lee, C. T. Ho, and W. Y. Tam, Opt. Express, 2006, 14: 9013

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  78. S. Lin, J. Fleming, R. Lin, M. Sigalas, R. Biswas, K. Ho, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 2001, 18: 32

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  79. O. Toader, T. Y. M. Chan, and S. John, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2004, 92: 43905

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  80. L. Yuan, G. P. Wang, and X. Huang, Opt. Lett., 2003, 28: 1769

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  81. L. Z. Cai, X. L. Yang, and Y. R. Wang, Opt. Lett., 2002, 27: 900

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  82. X. Wang, J. Xu, H. Su, Y. He, S. Jiang, H. Wang, Z. Zeng, and Y. Chen, Acta Phys. Sin., 2002, 51: 527

    Google Scholar 

  83. Y. Zhong, L. Wu, H. Su, K. S. Wong, and H. Wang, Opt. Express, 2006, 14: 6837

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  84. H. Misawa, T. Kondo, S. Juodkazis, V. Mizeikis, and S. Matsuo, Opt. Express, 2006, 14: 7943

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  85. Y. Liu, S. Liu, and X. Zhang, Appl. Opt., 2006, 45: 480

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  86. N. D. Lai, W. P. Liang, J. H. Lin, C. C. Hsu, and C. H. Lin, Opt. Express, 2005, 13: 9605

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  87. Y. Zhong, S. Zhu, and H. Wang, Chin. Phys. Lett., 2005, 22: 369

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  88. W. Mao, G. Liang, H. Zou, and H. Wang, Opt. Lett., 2006, 31: 1708

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  89. W. D. Mao, G. Q. Liang, Y. Y. Pu, H. Z. Wang, and Z. Zeng, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2007, 91: 261911

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  90. W. D. Mao, J. W. Dong, Y. C. Zhong, G. Q. Liang, and H. Z. Wang, Opt. Express, 2005, 13: 2994

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  91. W. Y. Tam, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2006, 89: 251111

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  92. X. Wang, C. Y. Ng, W. Y. Tam, C. T. Chan, and P. Sheng, Adv. Mater., 2003, 15: 1526

    Google Scholar 

  93. W. Mao, G. Liang, H. Zou, R. Zhang, H. Wang, and Z. Zeng, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 2006, 23: 2046

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  94. Y. Yang, S. Zhang, and G. P. Wang, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2006, 88: 251104

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  95. J. Xu, R. Ma, X. Wang, and W. Y. Tam, Opt. Express, 2007, 15: 4287

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  96. X. Wang, J. Xu, J. C. W. Lee, Y. K. Pang, W. Y. Tam, C. T. Chan, and P. Sheng, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2006, 88: 051901

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  97. Y. Yang, Q. Li, and G. P. Wang, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2008, 93: 061112

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  98. Y. Yang and G. P. Wang, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2006, 89: 111104

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  99. L. Wu, Y. Zhong, K. S. Wong, G. P. Wang, and L. Yuan, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2006, 88: 091115

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  100. G. Liang, W. Mao, Y. Pu, H. Zou, H. Wang, and Z. Zeng, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2006, 89: 041902

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  101. Y. Yang, Q. Li, and G. Wang, Opt. Express, 2008, 16: 11275

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  102. D. Xia, J. Zhang, X. He, and S. Brueck, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2008, 93: 071105

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  103. N. Tétreault, G. von Freymann, M. Deubel, M. Hermatschweiler, F. Pérez-Willard, S. John, M. Wegener, and G. Ozin, Adv. Mater., 2006, 18: 457

    Google Scholar 

  104. J. King, E. Graugnard, O. Roche, D. Sharp, J. Scringeout, R. Denning, A. Turberfield, and C. Summers, Adv. Mater., 2006, 18: 1561

    Google Scholar 

  105. J. H. Moon, S. Yang, W. Dong, J. W. Perry, A. Adibi, and S. M. Yang, Opt. Express, 2006, 14: 6297

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  106. K. Kaneko, H. Sun, X. Duan, and S. Kawata, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2003, 83: 1426

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  107. Y. Yang, G. Wang, J. Xie, and S. Zhang, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2005, 86: 173108

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  108. J. Fleming, S. Lin, I. El-Kady, R. Biswas, and K. Ho, Nature, 2002, 417: 52

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  109. J. Zhou, Y. Zhou, S. Ng, H. Zhang, W. Que, Y. Lam, Y. Chan, and C. Kam, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2000, 76: 3337

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  110. R. Ma, J. Xu, and W. Y. Tam, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2006, 89: 081116

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  111. Z. Ren, T. Zhai, Z. Wang, J. Zhou, and D. Liu, Adv. Mater., 2008, 20: 2337

    Google Scholar 

  112. X. Wang, J. F. Xu, H. M. Su, Z. H. Zeng, Y. L. Chen, H. Z. Wang, Y. K. Pang, and W. Y. Tam, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2003, 82: 2212

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  113. Y. C. Chen, J. B. Geddes Iii, J. T. Lee, P. V. Braun, and P. Wiltzius, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2007, 91: 241103

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  114. J. Chen, W. Jiang, X. Chen, L. Wang, S. Zhang, and R. Chen, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2007, 90: 093102

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  115. J. Zheng, Z. Ye, X. Wang, and D. Liu, Phys. Lett. A, 2004, 321: 120

    MATH  ADS  Google Scholar 

  116. T. Zhai, Z. Wang, R. Zhao, X. Ren, and D. Liu, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., 2009, 45: 1297

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  117. R. Jakubiak, T. Bunning, R. Vaia, L. Natarajan, and V. Tondiglia, Adv. Mater., 2003, 15: 241

    Google Scholar 

  118. P. Mach, P. Wiltzius, M. Megens, D. Weitz, K. Lin, T. Lubensky, and A. Yodh, Phys. Rev. E, 2002, 65: 31720

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  119. R. Jakubiak, V. P. Tondiglia, L. V. Natarajan, R. L. Sutherland, P. Lloyd, T. J. Bunning, and R. A. Vaia, Adv. Mater., 2005, 17: 2807

    Google Scholar 

  120. Z. Ren, Z. Wang, T. Zhai, H. Gao, D. Liu, and X. Zhang, Phys. Rev. B, 2007, 76: 035120

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  121. T. Zhai, Z. Wang, R. Zhao, J. Zhou, D. Liu, and X. Zhang, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2008, 93: 201902

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  122. T. Zhai, X. Ren, Z. Wang, J. Zhou, and D. Liu, IEEE Photo. Tech. Lett., 2009, 21: 1849

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  123. J. Hung, M. Kok, and W. Tam, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2009, 94: 014102

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  124. Y. Chassagneux, R. Colombelli, W. Maineult, S. Barbieri, H. Beere, D. Ritchie, S. Khanna, E. Linfield, and A. Davies, Nature, 2009, 457: 174

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  125. H. Matsubara, S. Yoshimoto, H. Saito, Y. Jianglin, Y. Tanaka, and S. Noda, Science, 2008, 319: 445

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  126. O. Painter, R. K. Lee, A. Scherer, A. Yariv, J. D. O’Brien, P. D. Dapkus, and I. Kim, Science, 1999, 284: 1819

    Google Scholar 

  127. M. Meier, A. Mekis, A. Dodabalapur, A. Timko, R. Slusher, J. Joannopoulos, and O. Nalamasu, Appl. Phys. Lett., 1999, 74: 7

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  128. M. Imada, S. Noda, A. Chutinan, T. Tokuda, M. Murata, and G. Sasaki, Appl. Phys. Lett., 1999, 75: 316

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  129. S. Noda, M. Yokoyama, M. Imada, A. Chutinan, and M. Mochizuki, Science, 2001, 293: 1123

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  130. M. Notomi, H. Suzuki, and T. Tamamura, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2001, 78: 1325

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  131. M. Notomi, H. Suzuki, T. Tamamura, and K. Edagawa, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2004, 92: 123906

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  132. T. Komikado, S. Yoshida, and S. Umegaki, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2006, 89: 61123

    Google Scholar 

  133. M. Kok, W. Lu, J. Lee, W. Tam, G. Wong, and C. Chan, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2008, 92: 151108

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  134. M. Kok, W. Lu, W. Tam, and G. Wong, Opt. Express, 2009, 17: 7275

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  135. T. Zhai, Y. Zhou, S. Chen, D. Liu, and X. Zhang, to be published

  136. T. Zhai, Y. Zhou, S. Chen, Z. Wang, J. Shi, D. Liu, and X. Zhang, to be published

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China

    Tian-rui Zhai  (翟天瑞), Da-he Liu  (刘大禾) & Xiang-dong Zhang  (张向东)

Authors
  1. Tian-rui Zhai  (翟天瑞)
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Da-he Liu  (刘大禾)
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Xiang-dong Zhang  (张向东)
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xiang-dong Zhang  (张向东).

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Zhai, Tr., Liu, Dh. & Zhang, Xd. Photonic crystals and microlasers fabricated with low refractive index material. Front. Phys. China 5, 266–276 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-010-0003-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-010-0003-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation