Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Flood assessment and early warning of the reoccurrence of river blockage at the Baige landslide

  • Special Issue: Fluvial and Geomorphological Features
  • Published:
Journal of Geographical Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

On 10th Oct. and 3rd Nov. 2018, two successive landslides occurred in the Jinsha River catchment at Baige Village, Tibet Autonomous Region, China. The landslides blocked the major river and formed the barrier lake, which finally caused the huge flood disaster loss. The hillslope at Baige landslide site has been still deforming after the 2018 slidings, which is likely to fail and block the Jinsha River again in the future. Therefore the investigation of 2018 flood disaster at the Baige landslide is of a great significance to provide a classic case for flood assessment and early warning for the future disaster. The detailed survey revealed that the outstanding inundations induced bank collapse disasters upstream the Baige landslide dams, and the field investigations and hydrological simulation suggested that the downstream of the Baige landslide were seriously flooded due to the two periods of the outburst floods. On these bases, the early warning process of potential outburst floods at the Baige landslide was advised, which contains four stages: Outburst Flood Simulating Stage, Outburst Flood Forecasting Stage, Emergency Plan and Emergency Evacuation Stage. The study offers a conceptual model for the mitigation of landslides and flood disasters in the high-relief mountainous region in Tibet.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abdul Hakeem K, Abirami S, Rao V V et al., 2018. Updated inventory of glacial lakes in Teesta Basin using remote sensing data for use in GLOF risk assessment. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 46(3): 463–470.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adam E, Jan K, Martin M et al., 2016. 882 lakes of the Cordillera Blanca: An inventory, classification, evolution, and assessment of susceptibility to outburst floods. Catena, 147: 269–279.4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alin M P, Andrei A, Ionut C N et al., 2016. Using GPR for assessing the volume of sediments from the largest natural dam lake of the Eastern Carpathians: Cuejdel Lake, Romania. Environmental Earth Sciences, 710 (75): 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arpit A, Sanjay K J, Anil K et al., 2013. Glacial lake outburst flood risk assessment using combined approaches of remote sensing, GIS and dam break modeling. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 7(1): 18–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birendra B, Arun B S, Lokap R, 2019. Glacial lake outburst floods in the Sagarmatha region. Mountain research and development, 27(4): 336–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen F, Gao Y J, Zhao S Y et al., 2021. Kinematic process and mechanism of the two slope failures at Baige Village in the upper reaches of the Jinsha River, China. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 80(5): 3475–3493.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen J, Dai F C, Lv T G et al., 2013. Holocene landslide-dammed lake deposits in the upper Jinsha River, SE Tibetan Plateau and their ages. Quaternary International, 298: 107–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen J, Zhou W D, Cui Z J et al., 2018. Formation process of a larCge paleo landslide-dammed lake at Xuelongnang in the upper Jinsha River, SE Tibetan Plateau: Constraints from OSL and 14C dating. Landslides, 15: 2399–2412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen K T, Wu J H, 2018. Simulating the failure process of the Xinmo landslide using discontinuous deformation analysis. Engineering Geology, 239: 269–281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chow V T, Maidment D R, Mays L W, 1988. Applied Hydrology. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christian H, Andreas K, Wilfried H et al., 2002. Remote sensing based assessment of hazards from glacier lake outbursts: A case study in the Swiss Alps. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 39: 316–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dal Sasso S F, Sole A, Pascale S et al., 2014. Assessment methodology for the prediction of landslide dam hazard. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 14: 557–567.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Damodar L, Takanobu S, Teiji W et al., 2014. Assessment of glacial lake development and prospects of outburst susceptibility: Chamlang South Glacier, eastern Nepal Himalaya. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 7(1): 403–423.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deng J H, Gao Y J, Yu Z Q et al., 2019. Analysis on the formation mechanism and process of Baige landslides damming the upper reach of Jinsha River, China. Advanced Engineering Sciences, 51(1): 9–16. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • DuŠan P, Dragoljub B, Jelena R, 2018. Assessment of historical flood risk to the groundwater regime: Case study of the Kolubara Coal basin, Serbia. Water, 588(10): 1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emmer A, Vilímek V, 2014. New method for assessing the susceptibility of glacial lakes to outburst floods in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 18: 3461–3479.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fan X M, Xu Q, Andres A R et al., 2019. Successive landsliding and damming of the Jinsha River in eastern Tibet, China: Prime investigation, early warning, and emergency response. Landslides, 16: 1003–1020.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hu M J, Pan H L, Zhu C Q et al., 2015. High-speed ring shear tests to study the motion and acceleration processes of the Yiong landslide. Journal of Mountain Science, 12(6): 1534–1541.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jeremy D B, Wolfgang S, Basanta R A et al., 2019. Performance of models for flash flood warning and hazard assessment: The 2015 Kali Gandaki landslide dam breach in Nepal. Mountain Research and Development, 37(1): 5–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kang C, Chan D V, Su F H et al., 2017. Runout and entrainment analysis of an extremely large rock avalanche: A case study of Yigong, Tibet, China. Landslides, 14: 123–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keith B D, Stephen G E, 2015. The 2000 Yigong landslide (Tibetan Plateau), rockslide-dammed lake and outburst flood: Review, remote sensing analysis, and process modeling. Geomorphology, 246: 377–393.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liang L J, Dai F C, Jiang H C et al., 2018. A preliminary study on the soft-sediment deformation structures in the late Quaternary lacustrine sediments at Tashkorgan, northeastern Pamir, China. Acta Geologica Sinica, 92(4): 1574–1591.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liang G L, Wang Z, Zhang G W et al., 2019. Two huge landslides that took place in quick succession within a month at the same location of Jinsha River. Landslides, 16: 1059–1062.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liao H M, Yang X G, Xu F G et al., 2018. A fuzzy comprehensive method for the risk assessment of a landslide dammed lake. Environmental Earth Sciences, 77: 1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohsin J B, Muhammad U, Raheel Q, 2013. Landslide dam and subsequent dam-break flood estimation using HEC-RAS model in northern Pakistan. Nature Hazards, 65: 241–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ouyang C J, An H C, Zhou S et al., 2019. Insights from the failure and dynamic characteristics of two sequential landslides at Baige village along the Jinsha River, China. Landslides, 16: 1397–1414.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peng S M, Zhang L M, 2012. Breaching parameters of landslide dams. Landslides, 9(1): 13–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rivas D S, Somos-Valenzuela M A, Hodges B R et al., 2015. Predicting outflow induced by moraine failure in glacial lakes: The Lake Palcacocha case from an uncertainty perspective. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 15: 1163–1179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robin J M, John J C, 2006. A procedure for making objective preliminary assessments of outburst flood hazard from moraine-dammed lakes in southwestern British Columbia. Nature Hazards, 1–26.

  • Schuster R L, Costa J E, 1986. A perspective on landslide dams. In: Schuster R L (ed.). Landslide Dams: Processes, Risk, and Mitigation. American Society of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Special Publication, 3: 1–20.

  • Shang Y J, Yang Z F, Li L H et al., 2003. A super-large landslide in Tibet in 2000: Background, occurrence, disaster, and origin. Geomorphology, 54: 225–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shi Z M, Xiong X, Peng M et al., 2017. Risk assessment and mitigation for the Hongshiyan landslide dam triggered by the 2014 Ludian earthquake in Yunnan, China. Landslides, 14: 269–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stephen G E, Keith B D, 2011. Characterization of the 2000 Yigong Zangbo River (Tibet) landslide dam and impoundment by remote sensing. Natural and Artificial Rockslide Dams, 543–559.

  • Wang S J, Qin D H, Xiao C D, 2015. Moraine-dammed lake distribution and outburst flood risk in the Chinese Himalaya. Journal of Glaciology, 61: 115–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang X, Liu S Y, Guo W Q et al., 2019. Assessment and simulation of glacier lake outburst floods for Longbasaba and Pida lakes, China. Mountain Research and Development, 28(3): 310–317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Lin Q G, Shi P J, 2018. Spatial pattern and influencing factors of landslide casualty events. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 28(3): 259–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu F G, Yang X G, Zhou J W, 2016. Dam-break flood risk assessment and mitigation measures for the Hongshiyan landslide-dammed lake triggered by the 2014 Ludian earthquake. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 8(2): 803–821.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu Q, Shang Y J, Theo V A et al., 2012. Observations from the large, rapid Yigong rock slide-debris avalanche, southeast Tibet. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 49: 589–606.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu Q, Zheng G, Li W L et al., 2018. Study on successive landslide damming events of Jinsha River in Baige Village on Octorber 11 and November 3, 2018. Journal of Engineering Geology, 26(6): 1534–1551. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang S H, Pan Y W, Dong J J et al., 2013. A systematic approach for the assessment of flooding hazard and risk associated with a landslide dam. Nature Hazards, 65: 41–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang W T, Wang Y J, Wang W Q et al., 2019. Retrospective deformation of the Baige landslide using optical remote sensing images. Landslides, 17: 659–668.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu Z Q, Deng J H, Gao Y J et al., 2020. Analysis on Baige landslide and barrier lake flood disaster in Jinsha River. Journal of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering, 40(2): 286–292. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang L M, Xiao T, He J et al., 2019a. Erosion-based analysis of breaching of Baige landslide dams on the Jinsha River, China, in 2018. Landslides, 16: 1965–1979.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Z, He S M, Liu W et al., 2019b. Source characteristics and dynamics of the October 2018 Baige landslide revealed by broadband seismograms. Landslides, 16: 777–785.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao S, Chigira M, Wu X, 2018. Buckling deformations at the 2017 Xinmo landslide site and nearby slopes, Maoxian, Sichuan, China. Engineering Geology, 246, 187–197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao S, Chigira M, Wu X, 2019. Gigantic rockslides induced by fluvial incision in the Diexi area along the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Geomorphology, 338: 27–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou J W, Cui P, Hao M H, 2015. Comprehensive analyses of the initiation and entrainment processes of the 2000 Yigong catastrophic landslide in Tibet, China. Landslides, 13: 39–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou K, Liu B Y, Fan J, 2020. Post-earthquake economic resilience and recovery efficiency in the border areas of the Tibetan Plateau: A case study of areas affected by the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 Earthquake in Sichuan, China in 2008. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 30(8): 1363–1381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu L F, Zhang G R, Yin K L et al., 2002. Risk analysis system of geo-hazard based on GIS technique. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 12(3): 371–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Water Resource and Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China

    Yunjian Gao, Siyuan Zhao, Jianhui Deng & Zhiqiu Yu

  2. Key Lab of Mountain Hazards and Surface Processes, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, CAS, Chengdu, 610041, China

    Mahfuzur Rahman

Authors
  1. Yunjian Gao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Siyuan Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jianhui Deng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Zhiqiu Yu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Mahfuzur Rahman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Siyuan Zhao.

Additional information

Foundation

The Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program, No.2019QZKK0905; National Key R&D Program of China, No.2018YFC15050004; National Natural Science Foundation Projects, No. 42007248

Author

Gao Yunjian (1991-), PhD Candidate, specialized in geological engineering and geological hazards. E-mail: gaoyunjiansu@163.com

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gao, Y., Zhao, S., Deng, J. et al. Flood assessment and early warning of the reoccurrence of river blockage at the Baige landslide. J. Geogr. Sci. 31, 1694–1712 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-021-1918-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-021-1918-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation