Abstract
State parameter defined using void ratio, e, and the steady-state line has been shown to be effective in predicting the undrained behaviour of sand. However, steady-state line for sand with fines is dependent on fines content. To overcome this problem, the concept of equivalent granular void ratio, e*, has been well investigated. However, the conversion from e to e* has been essentially a back-analysis process. A methodology for converting e to e* without the need of a back-analysis process was first presented. The concept of equivalent granular state parameter, ψ*, defined in terms of e*, and equivalent granular steady-state line was then developed. An extensive experimental study was conducted to investigate whether ψ* can capture the effects of fines content, and thus can be used to correlate undrained behaviour of sand–fines mixtures without the need of separately considering the effects of fines content. This study suggested that the effective stress path and deviatoric stress–strain responses in undrained shearing can be correlated with the ψ* value at the start of undrained shearing irrespective of fines content.
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Abbreviations
- b :
-
Active fraction of fines in force structure
- d :
-
Small particle diameter
- d 50 :
-
Fines particle diameter at 50% finer
- D :
-
Large particle diameter
- D 10 :
-
Sand particle diameter at 10% finer
- dε v :
-
Volumetric strain increment
- dε 1 :
-
Axial strain increment
- e :
-
Void ratio
- e 300 :
-
Void ratio on SSL at p′ of 300 kPa
- e g :
-
Intergranular void ratio
- e* :
-
Equivalent granular void ratio
- e SS :
-
Void ratio at steady state
- \(e^{*}_{\text{SS}}\) :
-
Equivalent granular void ratio at steady state
- ε q :
-
Deviatoric strain
- η IS :
-
Instability stress ratio
- ψ :
-
State parameter
- ψ(0):
-
Initial state parameter
- ψ* :
-
Equivalent granular state parameter
- ψ*(0):
-
Initial equivalent granular state parameter
- f c :
-
Fines content in decimal
- f thre :
-
Threshold fines content in decimal
- μ, n b :
-
Fitting constants in Eq. 3
- α, β :
-
Fitting constants in Eq. 5
- p′:
-
Mean effective stress, p′ = \( ({\sigma^{\prime}_{1}} - 2{\sigma^{\prime}_{3}})/3\)
- \(p^{\prime}_{SS}\) :
-
Mean effective stress at steady state
- q :
-
Deviatoric stress, \(q=({\sigma^{\prime}_{1}} - {\sigma^{\prime}_{3}})\)
- q IS :
-
Deviatoric stress at the onset of instability
- q 15, q 25 :
-
Deviatoric stress at 15 and 25% deviator strain, respectively
- r :
-
Particle size ratio, r = (1/χ) = d 50 /D 10
- χ :
-
Particle size ratio, χ = D 10 /d 50
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Acknowledgments
The first author was supported by the Endeavour International Postgraduate Research Scholarship (EIPRS) and UNSW Global Scholarship while conducting his PhD research on “Modelling the liquefaction behaviour for sand with fines” at University of New South Wales at Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, Australia. The third author is supported by UCPRS scholarship for his PhD study at University of New South Wales at Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, Australia.
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Appendix 1
Appendix 1
Instability (flow and limited flow) is equivalent to dq < 0 with shearing. q = ηp′ leads to:
Based on elasto-plastic idealization, undrained shearing implies:
where superscripts “e” and “p” denote elastic and plastic components, respectively. A contractant response means with shearing, \( d\varepsilon_{v}^{p} > 0 \) and therefore \( d\varepsilon_{v}^{e} < 0 \). This in turn implies dp′ < 0 (based on elasticity consideration) which guarantees the first term of Eq. 9 being negative. As the second term remains positive, dq < 0 (instability) cannot be guaranteed.
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Rahman, M.M., Lo, S.R. & Baki, M.A.L. Equivalent granular state parameter and undrained behaviour of sand–fines mixtures. Acta Geotech. 6, 183–194 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-011-0145-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-011-0145-4